الفهرس 
Epidemiology of cancer in the world:
Methods of chemical carcinogenesis:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Sodium butyrate (NaB), Grape seed extract (GSE) or their combination as possible anti-carcinogenesis agents in rat colon.Rat colon carcinogenesis bioassay was performed using aberrant crypt foci (ACF), surrogate biomarkers, as end point markers for colon carcinogenesis. After initiation with 1,2- dimethylhydrazine(DMH), post treatment with NaB, GSE or their combination have significantly reduced the numbers of ACF, more markedly in the NaB- GSE combination rat group. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)study recorded that both NaB and GSE in single or combined have lowered the cellular proliferation activity as indicated by lower KI-67 positive cells in the colonic mucosa. Also, IHC caspase-3- labeled cells were found significantly increased after all treatments indicating more induction of apoptotic activity in initiated colonocytes. On the other hand, the antioxidant biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels more found changed due to treatment indicating increased antioxidant activity levels after treatment. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and APC genes, directly correlated with colon cancer.