الفهرس 
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Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major cereal crop in Egypt as well as several other countries. Hundreds of millions of people around the world depend on wheat as a food. These made into flour that is used in making, bread, cakes, biscuits and other foods. Wheat follows the grass family, as it belongs to the cereal crop.
Egypt grew 3,650,000 million faddan in 2021/ 2022 that produced 10,000,000 million tons of grains, with an average yield of 2,945 tons per faddan (Agricultural Economic Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture ,Egypt,2022).
Drought is a major limiting factor in the production of wheat in many areas of the world and there is considerable interest in trying to increase drought tolerance in wheat.
Designing a suitable breeding technique for the aim of genetic improvement requires understanding genetic behaviour and the sort of gene activity affecting target features. Therefore, accurate estimates of genetic variation components for characteristics of interest specially for drought-tolerant cultivars.( Farshadfar et al., 2008and Nouri et al., 2011).
One of the main abiotic factors that negatively impacts crop development and production is drought stress. The primary environmental factor limiting wheat yield is drought.( Keyvan and Sohei 2011)
The improvement of tolerance to drought has been a principal goal of the majority of breeding programmes for a long time, as a water deficit in certain stages of wheat growth is common for many wheat growing regions of the world (Moustafa and Kronstad 1996).
Drought stress decreases