الفهرس 
Introduction & Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Conjunctivitis is a common problem in ophthalmology clinics all over the world that affecting all age groups (Kierstan, 2022). Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second cause of infectious conjunctivitis after viral conjunctivitis (Woodland et al ., 1992; Ryderand Benson,2022). Bacterial resistance is acontinuous matter upon infectious diseases including ocular infection pathogens (Asbellet al ., 2020; Adebayo et al ., 2011; Dave et al ., 2011).
Presence of antibiotic resistance through ocular pathogens is important to be studied to increase better choice of antibiotic and to overcome treatment failure (Amato et al ., 2013;Chatterjeeand Agrawal, 2016). Methicillin- resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was refered to Staphylococcus aureus species that are resistant to methicillin antibiotic, but nowadays, it is used to describe resistance to all β-lactam (Shanmuganathan et al ., 2005). About 3-64% of all ocular Staphylococcus conjunctival infections are MRSA conjunctivitis. That means there is increase prevalence(Zhang et al ., 2000; Azari and Arabi, 2020).
Bacterial ocular infections globally are considered a big health problem that can damage the structure of the eye leading to disability. Aims of this thesis were to find the bacterial species causing bacterial conjunctivitis in addition to their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, spotting on detecting the prevalence of certain virulence genes of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal species(MRSA) and (MR-CoNS), which are recognized to cause conjunctivitis. In this thesis, various swabs of bacterial conjunctivitis were collected from patients who attended to both Minia University at the ophthalmology department and Malawi Ophthalmology hospital, to be studied . About 200 eye swab samples were analyzed through the whole period of the study. Results detected about 147 pathogenic bacterial isolates from 133 eye swab samples expressed growth .The prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus(44.89%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci(29.9%).Conversely, E. coli, P.aeruginosa, Proteus sp., S. pneumonia, Klebsiella sp., and H. influenza were isolated in low proportions. Most of the bacterial isolates in this thesis showed high resistance to Amoxacillin-Clavulanic,Cefotaxime, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and Cefoperazone.Results of the phenotypic test by using Cefoxitin predicted that 40.9% of the Staphylococci spp. were MRSA, and 23.6% were MR-CoNS.The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to search the presence of several genes, including MecA, eta, etb, icaA, icaD, Hla, Hlb, PVL and tst in MRSA and in MR-CoNS.Results of the PCR revealed that all MRSA and MR-CoNS had MecA, icaA, and icaD genes, but 28.9% of the MRSA only had Hla and PVL. Also, results revealed that no isolate of MR-CoNS recorded the presence of the HLa or PVL genes.In addition to, no isolates of MRSA nor MR-CoNS had any of these genes tst or Hlb or etb or eta.This thesis revealed that the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis has increased with MRSA prevalence. All the methicillin resistant Staphylococci possessed at least icaA and icaD virulence genes beside the MecA gene, which emphasize their roles in the pathogenesis of conjunctivitis.