الفهرس 
Preparation nanoparticles and polymer based mucosal inactivated vaccines against avian influenza (H5N1) and newcastle disease viruses
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Abstract
In this study, two formulations of mucosal bivalent vaccines for Avian Influenza (AIV-H5N1) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV- genotype VIId) were prepared based on the use of polymer (Gel02) and nanoparticles (IMS1313) adjuvants. Mucosal vaccination with the prepared vaccines through intraocular route in one or two doses (10 days{u2019} interval) in SPF chickens induced a significant up-regulation of IFN{u0263}, IL1-Ý and IL-6 genes in the vaccinated groups compared to the control non-vaccinated group. Also, enhanced lymphocytes proliferation was recorded specially in the chickens vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccines. Gel 02 {u2013} vaccinated groups demonstrated higher HI titers and protection percent ranged from 50% {u2013} 60% with different levels of virus shedding as measured by qRT-PCR assay. However, when these vaccines were used in a prime-boost protocol followed by the use of inactivated oil-based bivalent vaccine (ISA71), Gel 02/ inactivated-vaccinated chicken group induced 100% protection against NDV and AIV challenge with no virus shedding whereas IMS1313/inactivated-vaccinated chicken group induced 100% and 90% for NDV and AIV; respectively with no shedding of the NDV-challenge virus and only there was shedding of the AIV-challenge virus on the 3rd day post challenge. Indeed, the use of gel 02 as mucosal adjuvant in a prime boost protocol with inactivated vaccine demonstrated the potentiality of polymers compared to nanoparticles adjuvants