الفهرس 
DedicationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A total number of 97 male cattle (18 - 20 months old) were selected form animals slaughtered in Mallawy slaughterhouse (El-Minia governorate, Egypt) and included in this study.
Blood samples were collected from each animal by jugular vein puncture before slaughtering. Two types of blood samples were collected:
a. Whole blood samples were collected in vacutainer tubes containing EDTA as anticoagulant for separation of plasma and used for measuring plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) level.
b. Blood samples were collected in plain vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant for separation of serum and used for measuring serum biochemical parameters.
After slaughtering, animals were inspected carefully by the meat inspectors. Animals that showing postmortem pathological lesions in other organs rather than the urinary system were excluded from the study.
Urine samples were collected directly from the bladder using a disposable 10-ml syringe and preserved in ice bag until analysis. The kidneys and urinary bladder were collected from each slaughtered animal in sterile bags. They preserved in ice bags until the macroscopic investigations and the histopathological sampling in the laboratory. Tissue specimens from the kidney and bladder were preserved in formalin 10% for histopathological examination.
Cattle subjected to study (n.=97) were classified into different groups based on the gross and histopathological examination of the kidneys and urinary bladder. The detected urinary system diseases included: Nephrosis (n.=23), Glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis (n.= 23), Nephrolithiasis (n.=23), and cystitis (n.=5). Animals that showed no abnormal clinical findings and no histopathological affections were considered as the control group (n.23).
Blood serum biochemical analysis in nephrosis are presented in Table 1 and Figs. 1-5. There were significant increases in serum urea (p = 0.03) and creatinine (P < 0.001) in diseased cattle when compared with the control. There were nonsignificant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and γGT between the diseased cattle and the control. There was a significant increase in serum MDA (p = 0.003), and significant decreases in serum TAC (p = 0.02) and NO (p = 0.01) in diseased cattle when compared with the control.
Blood serum biochemical analysis in glumrulonephritis and interstitial nephritis are presented in Table 2 and Figs. 6-9. There was a significant increase in serum urea (p = 0.01) and creatinine (P < 0.001) in diseased cattle when compared with the control. There were nonsignificant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and γGT between the diseased cattle when compared with the control. There was a nonsignificant change in serum MDA (p = 0.07), and significant decrease in serum TAC (p = 0.05) and NO (P < 0.001) in diseased cattle when compared with the control.
Blood serum biochemical analysis in cystitis are presented in Table 3 and Figs. 11-15. There was a non-significant change in blood urea (p = 0.54) but serum creatinine increased (P < 0.001) in diseased cattle when compared with the control. There were nonsignificant differences in total protein, alkaline phosphatase and γGT between the diseased cattle and the control, but serum albumin and globulins decreased (p = 0.01) in diseased cattle when compared with the control. There was a significant increase in serum MDA (p = 0.005), significant decrease in serum TAC (p = 0.02) and significant increase in NO (p = 0.02) in diseased cattle when compared with the control.
Blood serum biochemical analysis in urolithiasis are presented in Table 4 and Figs. 16-18. There was a significant increase in creatinine (P < 0.001) in diseased cattle when compared with the control. There were nonsignificant differences in the mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase and γGT between the diseased cattle and the control.
Results of physical examination of urine samples are shown in Table 5. Urine color was yellow in nephrosis, white to yellow in glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, white in cystitis, white to dark yellow in nephrolithiasis, and yellow in the control group. Urine odor was uriniferous in cases of nephrosis, putrid and ammoniacal in some cases of glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, putrid in cases of cystitis, ammoniacal in cases of nephrolithiasis, and uriniferous in the control group. Foam was positive in all groups. Urine was cloudy to turbid in all groups.
Chemical examination of urine samples of examined cases is shown in Table 6. pH ranged from 7-8 for cases of nephrosis, glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, cystitis, and in the control group, whereas it recorded 6 in cases of nephrolithiasis. Urobilinogen was normal in all groups. Nitrite was positive in cases of nephrosis and cystitis, but it was negative in the other groups. Protein was high in positivity in cases of nephrosis and in other groups. Blood was positive in cases of nephrosis and cystitis, but it was negative in the other groups. Glucose and ketone bodies were negative in all the studied groups.
Microscopic examination of urine sediment is shown in Table 7. Affected cases showed increased numbers of WBC, RBCs (hematuria and pyuria) and epithelial cells than the control group. Crystals in the affected cases was amorphous phosphate and triple phosphate.
Types and number of bacterial isolates in urine are shown in Table 8. E. coli was found in 18 cases, Corynebacterium renale was found in 25 cases, Staphylococcus sp. was found in 9 cases, Streptococcus sp. was found in 6 cases, and Micrococcus was found in 16 cases.
The relation between the results of bacterial isolation and urinary disorders in diseased cattle cases is shown in Table 9. E. coli was found in 5 cases of nephrosis, 4 cases of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, 7 cases of cystitis and 2 cases of nephrolithiasis.
Corynebacterium renale was found in 7 cases of nephrosis, 8 cases of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, 8 cases of cystitis and 2 cases of nephrolithiasis. Staphylococcus sp. was found in 3 cases of nephrosis, 2 cases of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, 3 cases of cystitis and 1 case of nephrolithiasis. Streptococcus sp. was found in 3 cases of nephrosis, 1 case of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, 2 cases of cystitis and no case of nephrolithiasis. Micrococcus was found in 5 cases of nephrosis, 8 cases of glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, 3 cases of cystitis and no case of nephrolithiasis.