الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract ABSTRACT Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the 14th most common cancer in the world and the most lethal urinary tract cancer. RCC is heterogeneous group of diseases which is chemo/radio resistance. Fortunately, it is known to respond to immunotherapy. Based on the understanding of the interaction between immune system and cancer, cancer immunotherapy modalities of treatment have been developed. Of these modalities, immune checkpoints inhibitor is among the most important and recent treatment. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is one of the two ligands of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1); an important immune checkpoint regulator. Clinical trials using PD-L1 antibodies have shown promising results in various cancers. Based on clinical trials some of these antibodies have recently approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. |