الفهرس 
Plant stresses
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Abstract
According to the results obtained in this study, the adopted priming technique is beneficial to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Giza 171) grain germination and for stimulating the growth of the emergent seedlings. In particular, priming of grains in Arthrospira platensis aqueous extract (1%) for 12 h improved various morphological growth parameters and enriched the biochemical content of pigments, carbohydrates, and proteins in the wheat seedlings, implying better photosynthetic performance. High concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid components in A. platensis aqueous extract elevated antioxidant activity, which benefits the establishment and development of seedlings with superior germination rates. This study not only confirmed the positive role of these natural safeners over chemical safeners (Tryptophan) but also demonstrated a deferential variation between these safeners, as the A. platensis aqueous extract was more effective for acting as a safener than the extract of Nostoc muscorum. Priming wheat grains in the aqueous extract of these cyanobacterial safeners stimulated the morphological and biochemical growth parameters of the plants, especially after Brominal herbicide (Bh) spraying. In wheat plants, the induction of antioxidant defense enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, GST, and GSH molecules was enhanced, with a significant performance for A. platensis treatment. qRT-PCR analysis showed a potent mechanism by which plants could overlay the way for herbicide detoxification. Based on the response of the studied genes of GST (viz. GSTZ, GSTU, and GSTL) in addition to TaGS, and TaGPX genes, a detoxification pathway exhibited by wheat plants is suggested to mitigate the negative effects of Bh application. The outcome of this study may improve our understanding of the herbicide toxic process and develop strategies for reducing the risks of herbicide for crop production. More prospective studies are still in need to screen other beneficial natural safeners, especially from microalgae and cyanobacteria members, by virtue of their benign relationship with soil and plants. Moreover, adopting advanced molecular investigations is crucial to configure a comprehensive mechanism of action that enables the perfect usage of these natural agents for the development of more safeties agricultural practices. The following graphical abstract summarizes these mechanisms as a diagrammatic representation with and without using algal safeners.