الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Rapid increase of world population and global energy consumption represents a great scientific and technical challenge for power generation industry to supply sustainable clean environment- friendly energy. However, it is a clear fact now that fossil fuels are not capable of meeting future energy requirements due to the harmful gas emissions. Furthermore, climate change due to carbon emissions increased the necessity of renewable energy source (RES) deployment that contributes to the ecological development. Thus, electrification using efficient utilization of on-site energy resources has recorded significant progress. RES such as wind, solar have been widely well-known as efficient ways to overcome the consequences of depending on fossil fuels and facing the significant increases in CO2 emissions. Single RES systems face difficulty to maintain balance between the required and generated energy because of its unpredictable nature due to weather changes. Fortunately, the problems caused by variable nature of these resources can be partially overcome by integrating different RESs to construct hybrid renewable energy system (HRES). Hence, HRES is a flexible, reliable system that can be adapted depending on the application site, demanded power, and any other requirements. The optimal hybridization of RESs is essential process for designing the HRES to prevent shortage and utilize the excess energy. In this regard, design a holistic energy management strategy for HRES is proposed in order to achieve efficient use of the available RESs to cover a specific load from technical, environmental, and economic points of view. This strategy can ensure the robustness of the HRES to avoid system blackouts when the generated energy from RESs is insufficient to cover the required load. It can also minimize the dependability on the backup diesel generator (DG) in order to save energy costs and decrease the harmful environmental emissions. Hence, the main objective of this study is designing a detailed framework of a holistic energy management strategy for HRES which includes techno-enviroeconomic parameters considering demand side management (DSM). Therefore, different approaches had been proposed for application as follows: standalone HRES which comprises of PV, WT, batteries and diesel generator had been evaluated using HOMER then multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is used to rank the optimal HRES alternatives based on the scheme rank. Furthermore, the hybridization between the RESs and the main utility grid has been evaluated considering DSM using Genetic algorithm which is proposed to determine the optimal operating hours for the shiftable profile load and the shiftable volume load. All the parameters such as NPC, Cost of Energy (COE), CO2 emissions and Renewable Fraction (RF) are considered through proposing the suitable dispatch strategy of HRES; cycle charging and load following. Then the demand side management (DSM) is implemented. The applied DSM includes demand priority categorization, peak-shaving and load shifting for moving loads from high-peak toward off-peak periods to achieve a smoother utility demand profile. It can increase the utilization of the RES generated energy, minimize COE, as well as increase the RF and decrease the realistic environmental impacts. Additionally, it can avoid the grid blackouts and increase the HRES reliability. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed for the fluctuation of energy demand, fuel price and RES to define the benefits of DSM. The results showed that the case considering DSM strategy for standalone HRES gave better outcome than the base case. Significant reduction in NPC, capital cost, BBS cost and fuel cost and COE is obtained. The percentage reduction for the previous factors are; 14.84 %, 14.93 %, 55.9%, 25.6% and 14% respectively. Also, it was observed that the battery bank sizing and DG fuel consumption decreased by 57% and 25.6% respectively. The results also showed that the grid connected HRES; considering DSM, produces energy at very low cost compared to the utility tariff, (about 59% of the tariff) and without any increase in the expenses of DG’ fuel costs. The resulting RF was around 95%, which means that only 5% of the required energy is covered from the main grid. Additionally, the annual CO2 emissions had been decrease by 93.5% comparing to full reliance on utility grid.Keywords: - Hybrid energy system; Energy management; Renewable energy; Demand side management; Solar energy; Wind energy. |