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Abstract In hospital environment, patient monitoring systems face multiple significant challenges include the reliable and energy-efficient transmission of data as well as the need for real-time display. This thesis proposes innovative and novel mechanisms for the reliable transmission of patient data inWireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communication, that should provide a simultaneous high throughput, low latency, and low energy consumption by implementing energy and Quality of Service(QoS) aware routing protocols. This work’s contribution has four folds. Firstly, a novel temperature-balanced routing protocol for IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN. This protocol complements the IEEE802.15.6 standard and exploits the heterogeneity of data levels assigned by the standard to classify the data into three data levels. According to the standard, each data level is assigned a transmission priority, namely, normal data is assigned priority 5, critical data priority 6, and emergency data priority 7. The main challenge here is to provide the required QoS in this heterogeneous environment. Additionally, the high uncomfortable temperature caused by the on body nodes’ and the need to maintain a high network performance in terms of long node lifetime and high packet throughput. The proposed routing protocol could provide a balanced trade-off between these challenges efficiently. It is assumed that the heat is transferred from the on-body nodes to the human skin by conduction. The thermal heat model is a challenging task, that must be real to determine the amount of heat emitted from the node to the skin in order to determine the time of the transition of the harmful temperature from nod to skin. The heat flow model must take into account the skin condition such as sweat, grease,.. etc. In this thesis, we proposed ”THE” which represents the second fold that provides the required optimization. ”THE” introduces an efficient heat flow model that perfectly describe the effect of nodes’ temperature on human skin taking into consideration the skin condition to get an accurate estimation of the skin’s harmful temperature and the accurate time of the transition of this harmful temperature to the skin. That aims to control the temperature raising caused by the on-body nodes which affect the skin comfortableness. In the meantime, it maintains the network in high-performance conditions in terms of long node lifetime and high packet throughput. To fulfill these desired tradeoffs, the sensed data is classified based on the standard as into three data levels like the a aforementioned protocol. The data transmission of ”THE” protocol is a combination of one-hop and two-hops data transmission. The two-hops data transmission takes place from the sending node to the parent node to the coordinator. The Parent Node (PN) is selected based on a utility function that selects the WBAN’s PN that has the largest amount of remaining energy, the highest data rate, the minimum distance to the coordinator, and the minimum node’s temperature. Hopping the data through the PN (two-hops) is suitable for the data with normal priority while high priority data (critical and emergency) is transmitted to the coordinator in one-hop only. The result depicted that ”THE” protocol prolongs the average WBAN’s lifetime approximately by 11 % over SIMPLE protocol and by 6% over iM-SIMPLE protocol. As well as it increases the total remaining energy by 7% than SIMPLE protocol and by 4% than iM-SIMPLE protocol.Also, it improves the throughput by 14% than SIMPLE protocol and by 10% than iM-SIMPLE protocol. ”THE” protocol has been designed to monitor non-moving patients, and this is considered a deficiency where the human movement is an obvious thing that must be taken into account as it causes dis-connectivity among nodes and coordinator, this can lead to high packet DROP rate. Therefore to perform efficient routing in WBANs, it must take into account the characteristics of the body and postural change control. Therefore, the thesis’s third fold ”mobTHE” comes into the picture to fill the gap in handling seamless mobile communication for on-body nodes. ”mobTHE” protocol is presented to be suitable for monitoring out-of-hospital patients who dynamically changing the positions of their extremities. It tackles the dis-connectivity problem resulted from the sensors’ mobility. In the meantime, it keeps an eye on the network’s performance in terms of maximum packet throughput, prolonged node lifetime, and low temperature. To provide such a balanced trade-off, two Coordinator Nodes (CNs), namely, CN1 and CN2 are utilized. Both of them are working as Serving CN (SCN) to its closest nodes and as Neighbour CN (NCN) to the nodes located far from them, which enables collecting data from different nodes continuously. The synchronization between the two CNs in such a way to optimized network resources via minimizing packets transmission duplication and packet DROP rate is considered the main challenge to maintain the network in high performance . ”mobTHE” protocol introduces a novel Handover (HO) mechanism during the node mobility and changing between the two CNs. That HO mechanism is capable of minimizing the redundancy of packets and leading to minimization in the packet DROP rate. The data transmission of ”mobTHE” protocol has three cases: 1. First, the non-moving node transmits its data in one-hop to its SCN. 2. Second, the moving node which moves towards any of the two CNs transmits its data to the closest CN. 3. Third, the worst-case scenario where the node is out of the two CNs range, two-hops data transmission is used based on ”PN selection on demand” to carry only the data of the moving node which moves away from both CNs rather than carrying the data of all other nodes which conserve the energy of the PN nodes as well as the moving nodes. The results depicted that ”mobTHE” protocol decreases the node’s temperature by 17% over ”THE” protocol, and extends the WBAN’s lifetime nearly beyond 52% over ”THE” protocol and beyond 58% over ”iM-SIMPLE” protocol.Also, enhances the throughput beyond 45% than ”THE” protocol and beyond 55% than ”iM-SIMPLE” protocol.Finally, it raises the residual energy beyond 35% and 39% than ”THE” and ”iM-SIMPLE” protocols. The nodes sensed data especially in emergency cases need to be transmitted with minimum delay, very low latency, and enormous speed not only from nodes to CN but also from CN to the medical server. Therefore, it needs a technology that satisfies the mentioned challenges to connect the CN with the medical server. The best technology used for this purpose is 5G technology. So, fourth fold comes into the picture which is the future plan and expected challenges of WBAN health care systems over 5G networks which illustrate the role of 5G technology in WBAN health care applications especially in the emergency cases, and how this integration between WBAN and 5G technology helps in a great improvement in E-health applications by ensuring reliable, low latency, very fast data delivery, and very small response time which aids in the real-time monitoring. In the meantime, it gives advantages and disadvantages of the integration between WBAN health care system along with 5G. Also, it provides future plan for the utilization of Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) along with WBAN to implement the WBAN as an IoT device connected directly to the medical server through satellite with no need for an underground base station. |