الفهرس 
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Abstract
In hospital environment, patient monitoring systems face multiple significant challenges
include the reliable and energy-efficient transmission of data as well as the need for real-time
display. This thesis proposes innovative and novel mechanisms for the reliable transmission
of patient data inWireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communication, that should provide
a simultaneous high throughput, low latency, and low energy consumption by implementing
energy and Quality of Service(QoS) aware routing protocols.
This work’s contribution has four folds. Firstly, a novel temperature-balanced routing
protocol for IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN. This protocol complements the IEEE802.15.6 standard
and exploits the heterogeneity of data levels assigned by the standard to classify the data
into three data levels. According to the standard, each data level is assigned a transmission
priority, namely, normal data is assigned priority 5, critical data priority 6, and emergency
data priority 7. The main challenge here is to provide the required QoS in this heterogeneous
environment. Additionally, the high uncomfortable temperature caused by the on body nodes’
and the need to maintain a high network performance in terms of long node lifetime and
high packet throughput. The proposed routing protocol could provide a balanced trade-off
between these challenges efficiently. It is assumed that the heat is transferred from the
on-body nodes to the human skin by conduction. The thermal heat model is a challenging
task, that must be real to determine the amount of heat emitted from the node to the skin in
order to determine the time of the transition of the harmful temperature from nod to skin.
The heat flow model must take into account the skin condition such as sweat, grease,.. etc. In
this thesis, we proposed ”THE” which represents the second fold that provides the required
optimization.
”THE” introduces an efficient heat flow model that perfectly describe the effect of nodes’
temperature on human skin taking into consideration the skin condition to get an accurate
estimation of the skin’s harmful temperature and the accurate time of the transition of this
harmful temperature to the skin. That aims to control the temperature raising caused by
the on-body nodes which affect the skin comfortableness. In the meantime, it maintains
the network in high-performance conditions in terms of long node lifetime and high packet
throughput. To fulfill these desired tradeoffs, the sensed data is classified based on the standard as into three data levels like the a aforementioned protocol. The data transmission of
”THE” protocol is a combination of one-hop and two-hops data transmission. The two-hops
data transmission takes place from the sending node to the parent node to the coordinator.
The Parent Node (PN) is selected based on a utility function that selects the WBAN’s PN
that has the largest amount of remaining energy, the highest data rate, the minimum distance
to the coordinator, and the minimum node’s temperature. Hopping the data through the PN
(two-hops) is suitable for the data with normal priority while high priority data (critical and
emergency) is transmitted to the coordinator in one-hop only.
The result depicted that ”THE” protocol prolongs the average WBAN’s lifetime approximately
by 11 % over SIMPLE protocol and by 6% over iM-SIMPLE protocol. As well
as it increases the total remaining energy by 7% than SIMPLE protocol and by 4% than
iM-SIMPLE protocol.Also, it improves the throughput by 14% than SIMPLE protocol and by
10% than iM-SIMPLE protocol. ”THE” protocol has been designed to monitor non-moving
patients, and this is considered a deficiency where the human movement is an obvious thing
that must be taken into account as it causes dis-connectivity among nodes and coordinator,
this can lead to high packet DROP rate. Therefore to perform efficient routing in WBANs, it
must take into account the characteristics of the body and postural change control. Therefore,
the thesis’s third fold ”mobTHE” comes into the picture to fill the gap in handling seamless
mobile communication for on-body nodes.
”mobTHE” protocol is presented to be suitable for monitoring out-of-hospital patients
who dynamically changing the positions of their extremities. It tackles the dis-connectivity
problem resulted from the sensors’ mobility. In the meantime, it keeps an eye on the
network’s performance in terms of maximum packet throughput, prolonged node lifetime,
and low temperature. To provide such a balanced trade-off, two Coordinator Nodes (CNs),
namely, CN1 and CN2 are utilized. Both of them are working as Serving CN (SCN) to
its closest nodes and as Neighbour CN (NCN) to the nodes located far from them, which
enables collecting data from different nodes continuously. The synchronization between the
two CNs in such a way to optimized network resources via minimizing packets transmission
duplication and packet DROP rate is considered the main challenge to maintain the network
in high performance . ”mobTHE” protocol introduces a novel Handover (HO) mechanism
during the node mobility and changing between the two CNs. That HO mechanism is capable
of minimizing the redundancy of packets and leading to minimization in the packet DROP rate.
The data transmission of ”mobTHE” protocol has three cases:
1. First, the non-moving node transmits its data in one-hop to its SCN.
2. Second, the moving node which moves towards any of the two CNs transmits its data
to the closest CN.
3. Third, the worst-case scenario where the node is out of the two CNs range, two-hops
data transmission is used based on ”PN selection on demand” to carry only the data of
the moving node which moves away from both CNs rather than carrying the data of all
other nodes which conserve the energy of the PN nodes as well as the moving nodes.
The results depicted that ”mobTHE” protocol decreases the node’s temperature by 17% over
”THE” protocol, and extends the WBAN’s lifetime nearly beyond 52% over ”THE” protocol
and beyond 58% over ”iM-SIMPLE” protocol.Also, enhances the throughput beyond 45%
than ”THE” protocol and beyond 55% than ”iM-SIMPLE” protocol.Finally, it raises the
residual energy beyond 35% and 39% than ”THE” and ”iM-SIMPLE” protocols. The nodes
sensed data especially in emergency cases need to be transmitted with minimum delay, very
low latency, and enormous speed not only from nodes to CN but also from CN to the medical
server. Therefore, it needs a technology that satisfies the mentioned challenges to connect
the CN with the medical server. The best technology used for this purpose is 5G technology.
So, fourth fold comes into the picture which is the future plan and expected challenges of
WBAN health care systems over 5G networks which illustrate the role of 5G technology in
WBAN health care applications especially in the emergency cases, and how this integration
between WBAN and 5G technology helps in a great improvement in E-health applications
by ensuring reliable, low latency, very fast data delivery, and very small response time which
aids in the real-time monitoring. In the meantime, it gives advantages and disadvantages of
the integration between WBAN health care system along with 5G. Also, it provides future
plan for the utilization of Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) along with WBAN to implement
the WBAN as an IoT device connected directly to the medical server through satellite with
no need for an underground base station.