الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Radial deficiency is a spectrum of malformations affecting the structures of the radial side of the forearm (radius, radial carpus and thumb) [45].The basic goals of treatment are correcting radial deviation of the wrist, balancing the wrist on the forearm, maintaining wrist and finger motion, promoting growth of the forearm, improving function of the extremity and enhancing limb appearance for social and emotional benefit [7].Manipulation and splinting should be performed before any definitive procedure is undertaken [7]. Soft tissue distraction is used prior to surgery to gently stretch the soft tissue into more straight position [26]. Centralization procedure involves excision of a square segment of the midportion of carpal bones to accommodate the distal ulna. Despite numerous technical modifications to preserve alignment, some recurrence of the radial deficiency is universal. Currently, long-term maintenance of the carpus on the end of the ulna without sacrificing wrist mobility or stunting forearm growth remains a daunting task [8,31].Radicalization procedure involves releasing the contracted soft tissues of the wrist and forearm, corrective osteotomy of the bowed ulna (if required), transfer of the flexor carpi radialis and the extensor carpi radialis to the extensor carpi ulnaris and realignment the ulna to radial side of the carpus. The unsatisfactory results of this procedure decrease after some modifications were made and good selection of cases [13].Ulnarization technique is based on transferring the carpus to the ulnar side of the wrist and dorsal transfer of the FCU with the attached pisiform to dorsum of the 4th metacarpal. Ulnarization is the first treatment of radial clubhand to demonstrate no recurrence or growth arrest [15.