الفهرس 
Title : Value of usage of noninvasive methods as a predictors for responsiveness to volume expansion and surrogates for cardiac output
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This fluid challenge strategy requires ensuring that CO has genuinely increased before further VE. However, CO measurements are seldom used to guide VE. Indeed, the use of co measuring devices is usually limited by their cost, an unfavorable risk –benefit balance (for indwelling devices). Also there is lack of reliability of some non-invasive devices for tracking changes in CO, may be due to lack of expertise of some users and other pathophysiological barriers.
As surrogates for stroke volume and cardiac output variation induced by VE (Δ CO induced by VE), another Indices such as Δ systolic, mean and pulse pressure or HR variations are often used, but poorly reflect the CO response to VE. Also end tidal carbon dioxide variation induced by fluid challenge could also be used as an indicator for fluid responsiveness.