الفهرس 
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Abstract
In modern nuclear physics, the study of the properties of highly neutron or proton rich nuclei of light and heavy elements is regarded as a crucial and stimulating research topic. The combined activity of the several phenomena that influence nuclear binding energy determines the extent of neutrons and protons that compares to the most stable configuration for a given mass number A.
As shown in figure (1-1), the stability region is displayed on a chart of nuclides, on which each bound nucleus is depicted as a function of N and Z. The decay of neutrons into protons or vice versa transforms these nuclei into stable cores when they are close to stability. This transmutation is caused by a weak contact, which explains the extremely lengthy time necessary for - decay processes, which can range from milliseconds to millions of years.