الفهرس 
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Abstract
Introduction: At first, COVID-19 was thought to be primarily a respiratory disease, progressing in some patients to serious respiratory symptoms, pneumonia, severe respiratory distress syndrome, and even death. Later analysis revealed entire systems were compromised, affecting other vital organs, including the kidneys, and a correlation was observed between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and COVID-19 severity.
Patients with kidney failure who receive maintenance dialysis are particularly vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The average age of those receiving maintenance dialysis is 65 years old and these patients typically have multiple medical comorbid conditions, including diabetes, obesity, and uremia-induced impaired immunity, all of which increase their risk for poor outcomes should they develop COVID-19.
HD patients are immune-dysregulated patients on account of uremia, comorbidities, and dialysis procedure-related biocompatibility. Furthermore, frequent personnel contact in crowded areas for their in-center facility treatment may hamper effective protective measures (such as social distancing, reducing personal contact, and staying home) against COVID-19 infection.
The Aim of the work of the current study was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 among hemodialysis patients and to identify the risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 in hemodialysis patients.
To elucidate this study was conducted on a total of 120 subjects, then divided into two groups:
group A: 70 HD patients with COVID-19
group B: 50 HD patients without COVID-19.
Summary
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The 70 HD patients with COVID-19 were then divided according to the
severity of COVID into:
group I: 60 HD patients with mild to moderate COVID-19
group II: 10 HD patients with severe COVID-19
The most common cause of primary kidney diseases in the COVID
group was diabetic nephropathy in 20 (28.6%) and in the non-COVID group
was also diabetic nephropathy in 16 (32%) with a statistically significant
difference.
The mean age, and duration of hemodialysis, in the severe group were
higher than that in the mild to moderate group with statistically significant
differences.
There were 14 patients (23.3%) in the mild to moderate group and 10
patients (100%) in the severe group admitted to ICU with a statistically
significant difference.
In the mild to moderate group 2 patients (3.3%) dead but in the severe
group all of them dead with a high statistically significant difference in
between.
There was a statistically significant difference between the dead and
survived group as regard to platelets, D-dimer, ferritin, urea, duration of
hemodialysis, O2 saturation, and Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
There were 24 patients (34.3%) of the COVID-19 studied cases who
enter to ICU, 12 (17.1%) of the dead, and the mean duration of ICU
admission was 9.33 ± 1.46 days.