الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract The ammonia pollution/contamination reveals at the inlet of drinking water treatment plants, especially on Northern coast of Egypt, due to the drainage of sewage and industrial wastes from factories along the Nile River, resulting in more neutralization clogs at inlet of water treatment plants. Ammonia causes many diseases; some of them lead to coma or death. Many researchers worked on removing ammonia from drinking water as it was limited to 0.5 ppm in the European association and WHO. In this thesis, a criticizing summary of researchers work (1998-2021) is presented where removal of ammonia by physical (i.e., adsorption, air stripping, and membrane distillation), biological, and chemical (oxidation, struvite, photocatalyst, cold plasma) methods were reviewed. Also, the winter closure which is an annual action taken every year by the Egyptian authorities by closing water flows in series of channels for maintenance of water channels where levels in water channels are forced to reduce. However, Kafr Elsheikh and El Behaira located at North Egypt were affected by pollutant during winter closure due to the drainage of industrial wastes causing high pollution load of mainly ammonia and other pollutants. This study focused on testing agriculture wastes and / or natural materials to decrease ammonia in water at inlet of water treatment stations that may reach to 30 mg/l. Ten adsorbents were investigated for ammonia removal: Sugarcane peels, activated diatom, activated carbon, activated zeolite, rice straw, white foam, ilmenite, red brick, dates kernels, pomegranate peels, and a mixture of ilmenite with sugarcane peels. The sugarcane peels were the optimum treatment solution with a removal efficiency of 58 % at an initial concentration of 38 mg/l, " ~ " 0.7 g of the adsorbent mass, and pH ranges from 10 to 12 after 1 hour of contact time. At the same time, ilmenite reached an efficiency of 62 % at an initial concentration of 21 mg/l, " ~ " 1.7 g of ilmenite, and pH 7 after 1 hour of contact time. In addition, the reaction kinetics and adsorption isotherms were investigated for the selected adsorbent sugarcane peels, and the results showed that it matched the first-order kinetics with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and Langmuir adsorption isotherm with (R2) of 0.96. The thesis contains seven chapters as follows, chapter one is introduction, chapter two is literature review about different water treatment techniques for ammonia removal, chapter three is about materials used characteristics and preparation, chapter four starts the experimental work, tools and methodology for adsorption technique, chapter five for cold plasma oxidation experimental work, chapter six is about results and discussions, finally chapter seven stated the conclusions of this work. Finally, two papers for this work were accepted for publishing. First paper: a review study was accepted at ICEE-11 (11st International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering) through the IOP conference series [Earth & Environmental science (EES) indexed by Scopus], while the second paper summarizing experimental work was accepted at Journal of Engineering and Applied Science [indexed by Scopus]. |