الفهرس 
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Abstract
Purpose
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of D- Aspartic acid or/and ursodeoxycholic acid on hypogonadism in adult male rats.
Methodology
1) Measurement of body weight change of five groups of rats include sham, bile duct ligated rats, BDL treated with DAA, BDL treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, BDL treated with DAA and UDCA.
2) Measurement of the organ relative weights including liver, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland of the five groups.
3) Comparison between the morphology of liver and reproductive organs of the five groups.
4) Biochemical analysis of the serum of the five groups were measured including ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin.
5) MDA and TAC of the testicular tissue suspension were measured.
6) Hormonal assays of different hormones of the five groups include T, FSH, LH, E2 and SHBG.
7) Sperm parameters of the five groups including sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm abnormalities.
8) Histological studies of the liver of the five groups including the determination of liver fibrosis by using Metavir score.
9) Histological studies of the testis of the five groups were done for the detection of histopathological changes.
10) Morphometric studies were applied on the testis of the five groups for the detection of testicular height and testicular diameter by using of Johnsen’s testicular score.
Results
1) The average weight of BDL rats was significantly lower than that of the sham group. The animals of all treated groups gained weight after treatment. The highest level of gaining weight was observed in DAA+UDCA-treated group.
2) The relative weights of liver of BDL group increased in comparison with the livers of the sham group. The relative weights of all of the reproductive organs of BDL rats were significantly decreased in comparison to those of the sham group. On the contrary, DAA or/ and UDCA rats recovered the normal relative weights.
3) The morphology of liver of BDL group appeared hypertrophied with light yellowish brown colour and finely rough surface. The morphology of testis of BDL group appeared atrophied. On the contrary, DAA or/and UDCA groups recovered normal morphology.
4) Liver biomarkers level of BDL group increased in ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in comparison with sham group. Liver biomarkers level of DAA or/ and UDCA-treated rats decreased to the normal in ALT, AST, AP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin
5) MDA levels increased in BDL group while TAC decreased. On the contrary, MDA levels of the treated group with DAA or/ and UDCA decreased while TAC levels increased.
6) Testosterone level of BDL group decreased, while E2 and SHBG increased in comparison with the sham group. On the contrary, testosterone levels of DAA or/ and UDCA groups increased, while E2 and SHBG decreased in comparison with sham group.
7) Sperm count and motility percentage of BDL group decreased while sperm abnormality increased in comparison with sham group. On the contrary, Sperm count and motility percentage of DAA or/ and UDCA groups increased while sperm abnormality recovered to the normal percentage.
8) The hepatic tissue of BDL group appeared disorganized with the development of bridging fibrosis between portal spaces and the presence of hypertrophied and hyperplasied bile ductules. The hepatic tissue of DAA or/ and UDCA groups restored the normal hepatic lobules appearance.
9) Histology of the testis of BDL group appeared atrophied and a disrupted architecture with spermatogenic arrest and azospermia. On the contrary, histology of DAA or/ and UDCA groups restored the normal architecture of the seminiferous tubules.
10) The testicular diameter, epithelial height and Johnsen’s testicular score of BDL group decreased in comparison with those of the sham group. On the contrary, the Johnsen’s testicular score of DAA or/ and UDCA groups recovered to normal values.