الفهرس 
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Abstract
Dates are one of the main fruits in North Africa and the Middle East, and Hayani dates are considered one of the most important and delicious dates that characterize Egypt. Egyptians usually get rid of the seeds and peels of Hayani dates while eating them as waste. Several studies have been conducted on date seeds (pits). Studies on date peels are very few and may be rare. Therefore, we focused on its nutritional importance in addition to its medical benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of date peel and seed powder and alcoholic extract of date peel and date seeds on diabetic rats and its complications by examining the level of glucose, insulin, cumulative sugar, liver and kidney functions, and inflammatory indicators in diabetic rats. The chemical examination, the percentage of mineral elements, amino acids, and the phytochemical analysis of date peels and seeds were also performed, in addition to estimating the antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in vitro. The biological experiment was conducted using 45 rats. After the acclimatization period for a week, six rats were kept and continued to be fed on the basal diet and were considered normal control (group 1), and the remaining rats were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to cause diabetes. The diabetic rats were divided into five groups (6 rats each); one served as diabetic control (group 2), which continued feeding on the basal diet until the experiment’s end. The remaining four groups were treated as follows: (group 3) were fed the basal diet + 250 mg/kg b.w. of date peel extract, another diabetic group fed on the basal diet + 5%/kg of date peel powder (group 4), while the third diabetic group fed on the basal diet + 250 mg/kg b.w. of date seed extract (group 5), and the last diabetic group fed on the basal diet + 5%/kg of date seeds powder (group 6). The weight gain and feed efficiency ratio of rats were calculated. The results showed that the extracts of both the peels and the seeds had good effects as an antioxidant. The antimicrobial activity results showed that the date peel extract had more excellent activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. At the same time, the seed extract recorded more significant action against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. In addition, it was found from the results of hemolysis inhibition analysis that the peel extract was more effective than the seed extract as an anti-inflammatory agent. As for the effect of the peel and seed extract on cancer cells, a significant decrease in the growth of cancer cells was observed, and the peel extract showed greater effectiveness on MDA-MB and HepG2 cancer cells than the seed extract. The biological experiment results showed that the extract of date peel led to a significant increase in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio compared to the diabetic group. In addition, the intake of extracts or powder caused substantial decreases in glucose, HbAlc level, blood lipid levels TC, TG, LDL, VLDL-c, liver enzymes ALT and AST, creatinine, and uric acid. Conversely, there was an increase in insulin and HDL- c and albumin compared to diabetic rats. In addition, significant decreases in the pro-inflammatory markers (COX-2, PGE2, TNF-a, IL-1β and iNOS) were observed. However, the methanolic extract of date peels and seeds was more effective as an anti-inflammatory than the peel and seed powder. Therefore, eating the fruits of Hayani dates without peeling them and conducting further studies on the Hayani date peel are recommended.