الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) were classified into different classes based on their properties, shapes or sizes (1–100 nm) (Meng et al., 2017). They are expected to (i) display a new size-based properties (both beneficial and detrimental) that are intermediate between molecular and particulate; (ii) integrate a wide range of elemental and material compositions, including organics, inorganics, and hybrid structures; and (iii) have a high degree of surface functionality (Mariam et al., 2014). These classes included fullerenes, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric NPs. NPs possess unique physical and chemical properties due to their high surface area and nanoscale size. According to these characteristics, they are suitable for various applications, such as medical applications, energy-based research, and environmental applications. Some heavy metal NPs like lead, mercury, and tin are reported to be firm and stable that their degradation is not simply achievable, which can lead to environmental toxicity (Khan et al., 2017).