الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Salmonella is considered a major food-borne pathogen with public health concern and causes drastic losses in chicken and duck farms. A total of 400 flocks were investigated, each flock was represented by 10 chicks which was pooled together to one sample. The 400 samples were distributed as follows; 298 (218 local and 80 imported) chicks and 102 (42 local and 60 imported) ducks. Added to that, a total of 140 paper-lining of box samples were collected 80 from imported chicks and 60 from imported ducks. The isolation, identification, and serotyping showed that 19/400 (4.75%) were positive to Salmonella. A total of seven Salmonella serotypes were obtained as follows; S. Enteritidis (n=5), S. Kentuky (n=5), S. Virchow (n=3), S. Typhimurum (n=2), S. Infantis (n=2), S. Remo (n=1), and S. Seremban (n=1). Both S. Enteritidis and S. Kentuky similarly expressed the highest existence rate. All suspected colonies were confirmed using biochemical test and MALDI-TOF MS. In this study, found that MALDI-TOF MS capable for identified all isolates as Salmonella as the biochemical test do. In conclusion, in this study Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used as a sensitive and accurate method for identification of salmonella isolates and be used hand with hand with other bacteriological methods.
All the isolates were subjected to molecular identification by using five primers targeting (sefA, STM4495, ISR2-ISR3, ORF, and Hypothertical protein) which were specific for S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurum, S. Infantis, S. Kentuky, and S. Virchow and gave agreement with serotyping. Genotyping provided rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for Salmonella confirmation and classification. Phylogenetic analysis was performed onto 2 strains of S. Enteritidis (one isolated from imported chicks and the other one from local chicks) based on sequencing of the PCR product of the sefA primer. The sequences showed close identity of local and imported isolates with other Salmonella reference strains at different countries. It is important to implement strict monitoring policy of Salmonella in imported and local flocks for prevention and control Salmonella spreading and formulation of effective vaccines from local strains to protect the poultry industry.
Key words: Salmonella, MALDI-TOF, iso method, genotyping, sefA, STM4495, ISR2-ISR3, ORF, Hypothertical protein, sequencing and Poultry.