الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy
Intra-hepatic biliary tract (Fig.14)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In modern surgery, minimally invasive surgical techniques represent a challenging new era. (Rehman et al.,2014) The development and improvement of new instrumental techniques enabled the performance of laparoscopic resections for variable hepatic lesions. (Gagner et al.,1992) Although laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) was described for benign and peripheral lesions at first, 50% of overall LLRs are now performed for malignant hepatic lesions. (Nguyen et al.,2009) The first wedge resection was reported by Reich et al 1991. In 1992, Gagner et al,reported a successful laparoscopic partial hepatectomy for a patient with focal nodular hyperplasia and 4 years later the first anatomical laparoscopic left latera >segmentectomy was reported by Azagra et al., (1996). At first, anterolateral segments (segments 2, 3, 5, 6), were considered more amenable for LLR, and initial attempts of LLR were limited to non-anatomical resections of such segments. Also, in most of the early reports, lesions in posteriorsuperior segments were even considered a relative contra-indication for LLR, but innovative techniques and increasing experience has led to a gradual progression towards laparoscopic left sectionectomies, laparoscopic right and left hepatectomies and finally laparoscopic posterior segment resections. (Abu Hilal et al., 2011) An increasing number of series describing major resections have been reported after the first reported cases of laparoscopic major hepatectomy by Hüscher et al., in 1998. (Ikeda et al., 2013).