الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Originally, placenta previa was described using transabdominal scan (TAS) as a placenta that has developed within the lower part of the uterus and was subdivided based on the relation and/or distance between the lower edge of the placenta and the internal os of the cervix of the uterus.
About 90% of the placentas that were originally identified as being ”low lying” eventually resolve by the third trimester of pregnancy as a consequence of placental migration. It is considered a major contributing hazard for postpartum hemorrhage and can cause both maternal & neonatal morbidity & mortality.
Prevalence of placenta previa is about 4 per 1,000 births with worldwide variability. This prevalence is much higher (up to 2%) around 20 weeks of gestation than at birth owing to the fact that most of the previas that were identified early in pregnancy subside before delivery.
Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a term that is generally used to describe abnormal trophoblastic invasion into the myometrium and sometimes into the uterine serosa or even beyond.
The pathogenesis of most PAS cases was linked to result from implantation of the placenta in an area that is defectively decidualized due to pre-existing damage to the endo-myometrial junction.
Fetal growth is a dynamic process, so assessing it requires multiple measurements of the fetal size over time. These measurements can be made using biometric tools, such as measuring the head circumference, biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length, and/or estimating the fetal weight (EFW), which can be derived using a number of formulas.
This study was designed to assess the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or small for gestational age (SGA) in pregnancies having placenta previa or placenta accreta versus controls with normally situated placenta.
The study was conducted o