الفهرس 
THE VELOPHARYNGEAL VALVEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Velopharyngeal dysfunction is a disorder of the velopharyngeal sphincter or valve, which functions to separate the nasal and oral cavities during speech, swallowing, vomiting, blowing, and sucking. When the soft palate and pharyngeal walls are unable to form an effective seal, an abnormal connection between the nasal and oral cavities leads to hypernasal speech, increased nasal resonance, nasal regurgitation, nasal emission, and decreased intraoral pressure during speech. The overall result is decreased speech intelligibility and significant functional and social impairment.
Objective: To assess the efficacy of autologous cartilage augmentation of posterior pharyngeal wall in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.
Patients and Methods: An electronic database search (PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted with the goal of identifying all available studies related to use of cartilage graft in posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation in Velopharyngeal insufficiency to 2022.
Results: Rater of improvement in nasal hyper resonance was 82%. Rater of improvement in speech intelligibility was 85%. Rater of improvement in velopharyngeal closure was 76%. Rate of improvement in nasal emission was 61%.
Conclusion: We conclude that cartilage augmentation of posterior pharyngeal wall is appropriate for patients with minimal velopharyngeal gap and is effective for improvement of velopharyngeal closure and speech.