الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The incidences of both type I and type II diabetes are rising. The diabetic nephropathy is defined as clinically persistent detection of proteinuria linked to elevation of blood pressure and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Diabetic nephropathy expressed first by the presence of micro- albuminuria (30-300 mg /g creatinine) and then by macro-albuminuria (>300 mg /g creatinine) and eventually progression to ESRD. Adiponectin might be considered as a marker of kidney injury and risk of disease progression. It is the most abundant adipocyte-synthesized adipokine, circulating in the blood, and is expressed at low levels in obese individuals. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory properties of most adipokines, adiponectin exhibits insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, cardio protective, and anti-oxidative stress effects. Studies have indicated that lower adiponectin levels are linked to insulin resistance, (T2DM), and coronary artery disease (CAD), which are conditions that may lead to DN. Some studies pointed out that factors contributing to lower adiponectin secretion are oxidative stress and sympathetic nervous activity, which are common in chronic kidney disease. |