الفهرس 
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Abstract
nuresis is defined as an involuntary and undesirable wetting at least twice a week beyond the age of anticipated bladder control that is generally accepted as 5 years of age.
Nocturnal enuresis is subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Primary enuresis refers to children who have never achieved six months of continuously dry nights. Secondary enuresis refers to children who previously attained at least six months of nighttime dryness but who have relapsed.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of primary and secondary enuresis in the children presenting at outpatient clinic, to determine associated risk factors of nocturnal enuresis among enuretic children, to investigate association between sleep disorder and nocturnal enuresis, and to determine impact of enuresis on their quality of life.
Type of study: A cross- sectional study.
Study setting: Pediatric outpatient clinic, Ain Shams University, Children’s Hospital.
Study duration: 6 months.
Sample method: Consecutive sampling.
• Study population: Children and adolescent presented to outpatient clinic from November 2022 to July 2023.
• Inclusion criteria: Children of ages 6 – 16 years are included in the study.
• Exclusion criteria:
Children presenting with sever acute illness.
Children with neurological disease.
This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 1587 children in Egypt and aimed to show that, the overall prevalence of enuresis among children age group 6 to 16 years was 21%.
Regarding the risk factors of enuresis, nocturnal enuresis was significantly more common with low social class, this might be related to poor sanitation, lower educational level of parents and smaller monthly income for village families.
The analysis of this study focused on other risk factors in enuretic children that showed presence of social pressure and deep sleep, family history on nocturnal enuresis, parasitic infestation 43.9%, stuffy nose, urinary tract infection 5.7%, anemia 9.0%, change living place 24.0%, and habitual use of caffinated drinks 9.9%and sweaty drinks 22.8% were significant risk factors.
In this study using CSHQ (Children Sleep Habit questionnaire) to analyse the association between incontinence and sleep problem in children age group (6 to 16 years).
Children with nocturnal enuresis had fewer night wakings, they seem to have a higher arousal threshold. Generally, their parents thought them ”deep sleepers”, i.e. who are more difficult to arouse.
This study was conducted to assess the impact of Nocturnal Enuresis (NE) on quality of life of affected children and the associated socio-demographic, family and clinical characteristics of enuretic children, Nocturnal enuresis is a highly incident chronic disorder that generates countless problems to the child and their parents, This study demonstrated that enuresis negatively affects the HRQoL of children and most affected domains in HRQoL were self-esteem, emotional well-being, and their relationship for family and friends.
It can also be observed from the results that (24%) of the enuretic children displayed a reduction in quality of life compared to non-enuretic children (1.5 %).
These findings might be due to different knowledgeable levels of the parents about the disease and different effective ways of dealing with this problem to help their children in order to overcome the problem with better quality of life.
Regarding the relation between quality of life of enuretic patients and children’s clinical characteristics, it was found that no correlation between quality of life of enuretic children and severity of clinical characteristics (high frequency of involuntary urination).
Regarding the relation between the pediatric quality of life and children’s socio-demographic characteristics, pediatric’s quality of life score was significantly more affected by increased age of children