الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem worldwide. Current studies have revealed a definite global increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes, with the World Health Organization (WHO) projecting that there will be almost 221 million cases in the year 2010 and up to 285 million cases in the year 2025. It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in most developed countries. Although this increase is mainly expected in type 2 diabetes, a parallel increase in childhood diabetes, including type 1 and 2 diabetes, has been reported.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of serious complications, including neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and macrovascular disease.
Peripheral nerves are more likely affected as compared to cranial nerves in this disease, According to a statistics, incidence of cranial nerve involvement ranges between 3% to 14% 10. Among the cranial nerves, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th cranial nerves are most frequently involved in diabetic process11, The relative frequency is oculomotor (3.3%) and abducent (3.3%) nerve occurring with equal and greater frequency than the trochlear nerve (2.1%) 12. In most series of idiopathic facial neuropathy or Bell’s palsy, diabetes is well represented, ranging from 6% 13to 48.8% 14 .Whereas 5th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves are less often affected 15. There are also reports of an increased frequency of trigeminal neuralgia in diabetic patients. Hearing loss as a result of VIII nerve involvement has also been described .Vagal nerve involvement manifests as part of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Vocal cord paralysis has also been attributed to recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement.16
Neuropathies can occur in mild diabetics of recent onset and may be independent of other types of diabetic complications. There is only a small number of studies on the frequency of clinically apparent cranial nerve lesions associated with diabetes mellitus. Large retrospective series revealed 0.97% incidence of oculomotor and facial nerve palsies in diabetic patients over a 25-year period which was 7.5 fold more frequent than in the non diabetic control group. 17
Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are the most objective noninvasive measures of nerve function. They represent a valuable tool of evaluation of neuropathy in large clinical and epidemiological studies.
This study is a descriptive cross sectional study that had been conducted on 27 type 2 diabetic patients with exclusion of those with vitamin deficiency, alcoholism, malnutrition, intoxication, drugs, hypothyroidism, uremia, hereditary neuropathy, immune mediated disorders and old Stroke.
Our study aimed at detection of subclinical cranial neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using electrophysiological studies .
Twenty seven type 2 diabetic patients were included in our study and all of them were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, nerve conduction study of the motor branches of both facial,hypoglossal and spinal accessory nerve and pattern visual evoked potential.
We found that there is affection of nerve conduction parameters in type 2 diabetic patients incomparision to control group.
We found that poor glycemic control is associated with the development of cranial neuropathy as of our study population with peripheral