الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with a wide spectrum of clinical and serological manifestations caused by autoantibody production, complement activation, and immune complex deposition. The etiopathogenesis of SLE is not entirely clear, but it is believed that it results from the complex interaction between genetic and hormonal factors, and environmental. SLE has an unpredictable course that represents a challenge in the understanding of this disease. Hence, efforts have been directed toward the identification of its different pathogenic pathways, which in turn allows evaluating the activity and progression of the disease and its responses to the different therapeutic approaches. (Asad Ali et al, 2018)
Metabolic Syndrome is a complex disorder with a collection of related metabolic risk factors which increase the risk of developing chronic diseases, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and diabetes mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome is also associated with other disorders such as fatty liver, cholesterol gallstones, polycystic ovary syndrome, and sleep apnea. In addition, it poses a significant risk of higher morbidity, mortality and financial burden. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome has been rising in both developed and developing countries, probably as a consequence of modern lifestyle and the overweight/obesity epidemic. Therefore, Metabolic Syndrome is considered a public health, as well as a clinical problem.( Hossein Khosravi-Boroujeni et aL, 2015)
The metabolic syndrome is mainly caused by western lifestyle resulting in abdominal obesity but also a genetic predisposition plays a role. Abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, further resulting in glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia (high plasma triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values) and arterial hypertension. These are all risk factors for the diseases mentioned above. Around 50 % of subjects suffering from the metabolic syndrome develop type 2 diabetes, including the problems and complications connected with this disease.
As clinicians, we need to be aware of the syndrome and be able to treat the individual components in order to avoid the complications.
The treatment should of course be based on the pathophysiology in order to change the lifestyle by reducing calorie intake (especially saturated fat and sugar) by an increase in physical activity (interval training seems to be effective) and by reduction of mental stress and tobacco use. However, pharmacological treatment may be necessary in most subjects in order to avoid the consequences of the syndrome and therefore treatment of these components seems obligator. (Henning Beck-Nielse et al, 2013)
The aim of the study is to assess the frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and to investigate its relationship with disease activity, severity and clinical manifestations of SLE.
This study is conducted on 30 SLE patients, diagnosed according to 2012 SLICC criteria for diagnosis of (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus. (Petri et al, 2012). They used to attend outpatient clinic and inpatient department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine department, Benha-University hospitals. Twenty apparently healthy adult volunteers with matched age and sex were included as a control group.
All patients were subjected to full history taking, complete clinical examination and laboratory investigation. The activity of SLE disease was measured according to SLEDAI score. Assessment of damage index of SLE patients by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index (SDI). Diagnosis of Mets according:
National Cholesterol Education Program ATP3 2005 (NCEP)
Metabolic syndrome was present in 46.7% of our lupus patients while present in 20% of control group. There was statistically insignificant difference between patients and control groups regarding presence of Metabolic Syndrome
There was positive correlation between metabolic syndrome and Age, ESR, disease duration, Diabetes, Hypertension and SLE DAI in SLE patients.
On the other hand, there was negative correlation between metabolic syndrome and C 3& C4, Kidney function test, SLICC DI and clinical manifestation in SLE patients.