الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals. In Africa, the disease is endemic and produces great restrictions on trade of animal and animal products. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in nearly all countries of Africa. The highest prevalence of FMD was detected in Mauritius and Comoros while the lowest prevalence was reported in Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, Malawi, South Africa, Mauritania, Botswana, and Uganda. Foot and mouth disease virus
Serotype A was circulated in 11 African countries. The results showed that serotype A was more prevalent in the northern and eastern parts of Africa than in the southern and western parts. The highest prevalence of serotype A was found in Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia, while the lowest prevalence was observed in Uganda. Prevalence was highest in North African countries like Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia, due to factors such as transboundary spread through livestock trade and illegal animal movements, mixed farming which increases transmission. Serotype A was observed in Egypt and Libya in 2006 likely from Ethiopia through trading of live cattle. Co-circulation of serotype A with other serotypes was observed in many countries, such as Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan, Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Kenya, likely due to open livestock markets, uncontrolled animal movements, and smuggling of infected animals.
Serotype O was the most predominant serotype in Africa. The results found that serotype O was more prevalent in the northern, eastern, and western parts of Africa than in the southern part. The highest prevalence of serotype O was recorded in Mauritius and Comoros, while the lowest prevalence was found in Eritrea, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, and Zambia. Serotype O spread rapidly in East Africa due to illegal animal movements and cross-border trade. Mauritius suffered a serotype O outbreak in 2016 after being previously foot-and-mouth-disease free, likely due to imported meat from India. Egypt and Libya first reported serotype O outbreaks in 2009 and 2011, respectively, linked to the Middle East and South Asia topotype. Outbreaks in 2011-2012 in Libya and Egypt were genetically related to viruses from Eritrea and Ethiopia. Illegal animal movements enabled spread of serotype O between North African countries.
Unlike Serotype A and O, SAT1 was distributed in 6 African countries. The results revealed that serotype
and southern parts of Africa than in the western and northern parts. The highest prevalence of serotype SAT1 was reported in Zimbabwe, while the lowest prevalence was in Botswana and South Africa. This higher prevalence in eastern and southern regions is attributed to the role of African buffalo as reservoir hosts for SATs viruses.
Serotype SAT2 was widely distributed across African countries. The highest probability of infection of serotype SAT2 was found in Egypt, while the lowest probability of infection was observed in Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Malawi, Zambia, Mauritania, Botswana, and South Africa. serotype SAT2 was the most prevalent serotype in Africa. This suggests that the virus is a major threat to the livestock industry in Africa. The study also found that serotype SAT2 was circulating in all regions of Africa, which suggests that the virus is easily transmitted between regions.
SAT3 serotype being the lowest circulating serotype of FMDV in Africa, occurring primarily in southern Africa. This is due to factors such as host preference for pigs, which are less abundant in Africa compared to cattle and small ruminants, weak vaccine coverage and immune responses in susceptible species, however, even low levels of SAT3 circulation can have significant economic impacts in affected regions. The results stated that serotype SAT3 was only found in three African countries: Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
Based on the raster risk map, northern, eastern, and southern African countries were determined to have the highest predicted risk of FMD spatial occurrence during the study period. In north Africa, the highest predicted risk was observed in the northeast part of Algeria, west part of Morocco, north part of Libya, northwest part of Egypt. In east African countries, the spatial highest predicted risk was noted in the southwest borders of Sudan and southeast part of Eritrea. While in south Africa, the highest FMD predicted risk was recorded in southwest part of Zambia and Botswana, north part of Namibia and the outbreaks spread all over the regions of Zimbabwe, and south Africa.
A significant variation of the prevalence of FMD in Africa according to animal movement, different susceptible breeds, and microclimatic conditions (average yearly temperature and R.H) was detected.
The prevalence of FMD was detected in different localities in Menoufia governorate during the study period (2016-2022), with the highest prevalence recorded in Birkat Al-Sab, Quwisna, and Shibin Al-Kom, and the lowest prevalence in Al-Bagur. The prevalence, crude mortality, and case fatality rates were higher in buffalo than cattle. The probability of infection of FMD serotype A, SAT2, and O in Menoufia governorate during our study period was (70%, 28.5%, and 13%, respectively). Case fatality rate was higher in serotype O (39%) followed by serotype A (14.3%) and then serotype SAT2 (8.8%). A significant relationship between vaccination and prevalence of FMD in Menoufia governorate during the study period (2016-2022) was revealed.
Conclusion
Our findings can help in better understanding of the prevalence of FMD outbreaks and the distribution of FMD outbreak risk, which can be used for effective control strategies of FMD.
Key words: FMD, serotype, prevalence, Egypt, Menoufia, Africa, endemic, outbreaks.