الفهرس 
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Abstract
The profit ratio is important for any construction project. There is a high need to
determine the profit ratio in the tendering stage. This research investigates the factors
affecting the determination of the profit ratio in the tendering stage for Egyptian construction
projects. The effects of the characteristics of the project, contractor, owner, tender, and
external conditions on the profit ratio were studied to determine the significant factors
affecting the determination of the profit ratio. A questionnaire was designed to determine the
importance of 35 factors affecting the profit ratio and 267 responses were analyzed. The
results indicated that most companies did not rely on any equations or analyses to determine
the profit ratio for construction projects in Egypt. Employing the Relative Importance Index
(RII), the most important factors for profit ratio determination were economic stability, cash
flow, degree of difficulty, size of the contract, and type of contract. The least important factors for profit ratio determination were delay penalties, safety rules, and the experience of
the client. Pareto analysis was employed, and the 35 factors influencing the profit ratio were
reduced to 12 significant factors. A second questionnaire was designed to identify the profit
ratio for construction projects and responses were analyzed. An Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) model was developed to determine the profit ratio. Validation tests were conducted
using six construction projects in Egypt. The absolute differences between the proposed and
predicted profit rates are 0.043 of the proposed profit ratio. This model will help to determine
the profit ratio easily. The contractor will be able to determine the profit ratio which can
reduce the risk of calculated price, so this will be helpful as a contractor guide.
Keywords: Profit; Markup; Margin size; Tendering; and Artificial Neural
Network modeling.