الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION & REVIEW of LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction
Electronic waste, often known as e-waste, is all Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and its components that have been thrown out as trash by its owners with no intention of being used again Electronic garbage, often known as e-waste, is also known as Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE), electronic garbage, or e-scrap globally. Almost any appliance or commercial device with circuitry or electrical components with power or battery supply is included in this category of waste To put it another way, any obsolete electronic devices that are used for either domestic or commercial purposes are referred to as electronic waste (e-waste).The problem is made worse by customers in poor economies’ lack of knowledge about appropriate e-waste disposal techniques. Furthermore, poor informal recycling practices and the disposal of e-waste in open landfills prepare the way for the release of dangerous pollutants Domestic equipment makes up around half of the e-waste (45%), followed by technology and communications equipment (33.9%) and consumer electronics (13.7%). Driven by the rapid improvement in technology and shorter shelf-life of electronic items, a 60% spike in worldwide e-waste creation was noted from 2010 to 2019 which is anticipated to reach (75 Mt) by 2030.
Objective of the Study
he major goal of the study is the e-waste management in Kuwait
1. Assess the current practices of e- waste management in Kuwait.
2. Comparasion the laws of e-waste in the state of Kuwait to the international policies laws
3. Determination of flame-retardant compounds polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) in the soil of e- waste sites.
4. Recommendation for the proper practices of e -waste management in the state of Kuwait
PBDEs
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of industrial chemical compounds used as flame retardants (FRs) to inhibit the rate of accidental fires in order to save lives and properties from being gutted by flames. They are additive FRs incorporated in a wide range of consumer products such as electronic components, plastics, textiles, furnishing foam and fabrics for these products to meet Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. The worldwide commercial produced PBDEs mainly consist of 80% decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) with minor octabrominated diphenyl ethers (Oct-BDE) and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (Penta-BDE). It is estimated that 40–70% of the global e-waste is imported to China. Due to the “nonstandard” disposal of the e-waste such as open incineration and family-type manual dismantling, heavy metals, PBDEs, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are being released to the environment.
Risk of PBDEs
Health issues known to be associated with PBDE congeners include problems of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, exposure affects the liver and kidney structure with tumors developing in liver tissue. Immune suppression has also been indicated as a possible health concern.
E-waste management in Kuwait
The environmental status in Kuwait need to be attention as the electronic waste has no guidelines or rules to deal with them .The electronic waste disposed in the landfill intermixed with household waste.
The management of wastes in Kuwait is regulated by Law No. 21/1995 as amended by Law No. 16/1996 and Decision No. 210/2001. Waste is categorized as ’hazardous’ or ’non-hazardous’ according to the Basel Convention. The Basel Convention is a global agreement that addresses sound management of hazardous wastes including e–waste, and regulates its overseas transport between countries, enacted in 1992 (7). The Basel Ban is an amendment to the convention that prohibits the export of hazardous waste from developing to non-developing countries (8).
Study area:
The study was be applied to Four areas with electronic waste stores:
1. Al Shaqaya
2. Amghara
3. KISR
4. Shuab
Surface soil/Deposit composite samples over an area of 50 m x 50 m were collected using a pre-cleaned stainless-steel scoop after rigorous mixing. Samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and stored at -4 °C before extraction.
1. Electronic waste stores at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. electronic waste stores in Kuwait National Petroleum Company.
2. Electronic waste stores in Public Authority for industry.
3. Air/Soil and dustfall of electronic waste site can be analyzed for the levels of metals and organic compounds like common polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
Materials and methods
The study was be applied to Four areas with electronic waste stores:
1. Al Shaqaya
2. Amghara
3. KISR
4. Shuab
Surface soil/ Dust fall composite samples over an area of 50 m x 50 m were collected using a pre-cleaned stainless-steel scoop after rigorous mixing. Samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and stored at -4 °C before extraction.
Sampling and Analysis of Air and Soil
The PUF Disk used to collect the chemicals from the air were cleaned for 48 h using dichloromethane in a giant Soxhlet, with the solvent replaced after 24 h with clean solvent Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
Passive Sampling
These samplers are designed to sequester contaminants from air by gaseous diffusion and sorption. Their main advantages are shown in their simplicity and low costs relative to active sampling techniques
Soil/ Dust fall Sampling
Samples were collected inside a plot of 50 m x 50 m and extensively mixed using a pre-cleaned stainless-steel scoop to form a homogeneous composite sample.
Extraction and Clean-up
For Air Samples
PUF and filter samples collected using high volume air sampling were extracted separately in a Soxhlet apparatus using hexane. Prior to extraction, the samples were spiked with a surrogate cocktail containing the following: BDEs 35 and 181
For Soil samples
To extract residual water, wet dustfall samples (" ~ "20 g) were homogenised with anhydrous sodium sulphate. In order to track analytical recovery, the blend was spiked with PBDE congeners (BDE-35 and BDE-181) and Soxhlet-extracted for 16 h
Instrumental Analysis for PBDEs
The hexane extracts were also analyzed for PBDEs by gas chromatography-electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNIMS) using a Shimadzu 2010 gas chromatograph in a splitless injection mode on a 30-m DB 5MS column (0.25-mm i.d. and 0.25-µm film thickness, J&W Scientific) and helium as the carrier gas
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures
Precise analytical measurements depend largely on the proper use of good laboratory practices, proven methodology, and low noise instrumentation. Certain aspects of the QA/QC procedure are summarized subsequently.
Risk Assessment
The GC-MS performances were evaluated regularly by tuning performance standard perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) prior to each run and by running intra-day and inter-day variability of standards. The peak area, shape, and electron multiplier setting (sensitivity) were all subjectively evaluated. The calibration response factors used for quantitation were determined from a set of no less than three standards run at the same time as a given set of samples. Method detection level (MDL) was calculated based on 3 times the SD of 7 spiked blanks. Balances were calibrated using standard calibration weights every time the balance was used. This is standard operating procedure and is not recorded separately from the weighing activity.
The research steps is building on the following
1. Data collection for the areas, quantity and types of e-wastes in Kuwait ( Available reports and documentation)
2. Questionnaire form for (100) employees of electronic waste stores at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , the Kuwait National Petroleum Company and Public Authority for industry
3. Questionnaire for the (20) lawyers about the laws in e- waste management in the state of Kuwait
4. Compare the current situation Kuwait with some world models for e- waste management for example European Union
5. Collecting Air/soil samples from e-waste sites in the selected sites
6. Determining the percentages of pollution in the Air/ soil and measuring the concentration of metals and organic compounds flame retardant Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) in samples collected using HPLC or by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
7. Data interpretations and analysis Expected results.
Estimation the current situation and recommendations for future solution for e- waste problem in Kuwait country
Results
1. Levels and comparison
The mean soil BDE concentrations across four locations ranged from BDE-66 (769.6 ± 98.43 pg/g) to BDE-209 (83862.9 ± 11008.25 pg/g). BDE-209 ranged 65879.2–95612 pg/g (83862.9 ± 11008.3 pg/g). Σ10BDEs ranged from 21916.5–29742.2 pg/g (26396.7 ± 2835.2 pg/g). Total BDEs ranged from 88738.2 to 124310.3 pg/g (110259.6 ± 13747.6 pg/g). Both the mean values of Σ10BDEs and BDE-209 showed a trend of Shuaiba > Amghara > Al Shaqaya > KISR.
2. Homologous profiling
Amghara was found with maximum average soil loading of tetra and penta BDE homolgoues, whereas heavier homologues (hexa and nona) were higher in Shuaiba. Octa BDE was also higher in Amghara followed by Shuaiba and Al Shaqaya. All the sites were dominated by nonaBDEs with mean
3. Risk Assessment
The risk values were generally higher for children than for adults. The HQ values were found to be low; thus, the non-cancer health risks were acceptable. The LCR for BDE-209 via soil ingestion is within the range of 1.8 × 10−3 to 2.47 × 10−3, while the risk due to inhalation is close to 0.25 × 10−3 to 1.67 × 10−3. This indicates that the LCR values were above 1 × 10-6, indicating potential carcinogenic risks. It was worth noting that as the BDE-209 concentrations in the samples were high, it can pose cancer risks to the local people in long term.
Study area:
The study was be applied to Four areas with electronic waste stores:
1. Al Shaqaya
2. Amghara
3. KISR
4. Shuab
Surface soil/Deposit composite samples over an area of 50 m x 50 m were collected using a pre-cleaned stainless-steel scoop after rigorous mixing. Samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and stored at -4 °C before extraction.
4. Electronic waste stores at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. electronic waste stores in Kuwait National Petroleum Company.
5. Electronic waste stores in Public Authority for industry.
6. Air/Soil and dustfall of electronic waste site can be analyzed for the levels of metals and organic compounds like common polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)