الفهرس 
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Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Lupus Nephritis (LN) is the most prevalent cause of renal injury in SLE. The main goal of LN therapy is to prevent renal scarring by early resolving the acute inflammation and ensuring complete remission of the disease activity. Coagulation disorders are reported frequently in SLE and LN with higher mortality rates. Both the stimulation of the coagulation system and the fibrinolysis system inadequacy have been involved in glomerular injury and renal failure pathogenesis.
Diagnosis of LN and detection of its activity with the available markers is unreliable and renal biopsy is invasive. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of urinary tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and Plasmin as serological biomarkers for early diagnosis and detection of LN and its activity.
The study was performed in the Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Nephrology units and outpatient clinics, Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt, and included 80 patients who fulfilled the 2019 ACR criteria for diagnosis of SLE (40 SLE patients without nephritis and 40 patients with biopsy-proven LN). The study also included 20 normal individuals as the control group, they were age and sex-matched to study subjects.
All patients were subjected to full history taking, medical history of the currently received treatment, history of dialysis, and clinical examination, including blood pressure and temperature (patients were considered feverish if the temperature was above 37.2 C at the time of examination after exclusion of infections), pulse (rate, rhythm, and the peripheral pulsation), with full respiratory, cardiac, articular (arthralgia or arthritis of >2 joints), cutaneous (rash, alopecia, and mucosal ulcers), neurological, ophthalmological examination (retinal hemorrhages, serous exudate or hemorrhages in the choroid, optic neuritis, scleritis or episcleritis after exclusion of hypertension, infection, or drug causes) and serositis (pleurisy or pericarditis detected clinically, radiologically or by electrocardiogram confirmation). All manifestations were present at the time of the visit. eGRF was calculated using the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation by an online calculator.