الفهرس 
Nutritional value and antioxidant of apricot kernelOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was conducted study The chemical composition of apricot kernel and avocado seeds powder was determined. Several active compounds and phenolic compounds were also identified using (HPLC). Study the effects of various dosages 2.5 and 5% of apricot kernels, avocado seeds, and their combination on hepatic rats. In addition, some physiological characteristics, such as BWG, FI, FER & internal organs weight, and some biochemical characteristics, such as liver activity, renal functions, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL, blood parameters, such as RBC, WBC, hemoglobin & platelet, as well as histological examination were measured in the tested male albino rats.
Liver disorder was inducing in normal healthy male albino rats by carbon tetrachloride was injected three times per week for 4 consecutive weeks. Forty-eight adult male white albino rats, Sprague Dawley Strain, 10 weeks age, weighing (140±10g) were used in this experiment. All rats were fed on basal diet prepared for 7 consecutive days. After this adaptation period, rats are divided into 8 groups, each group which consists of 6 rats as follows:
• group (1): Rats fed on basal diet as a control negative.
• group (2): Rats injected by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) with a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of weight of the rats and used as a positive control group.
• group (3): Hepatic group rats were fed on the apricot kernels as powder by 2.5% of the weight of diet.
• group (4): Hepatic group rats were fed on the apricot kernels as powder by 5% of the weight of diet.
• group (5): Hepatic group rats were fed on the avocado seeds as powder by 2.5% of the weight of diet.
• group (6): Hepatic group rats with rats were fed on the avocado seeds as powder by 5% of the weight of diet.
• group (7): Hepatic group rats were fed on the mixture of apricot kernels and avocado seeds as powder by 2.5% of the weight of diet.
• group (8): Hepatic group rats were fed on the mixture of apricot kernels and avocado seeds as powder by 5% of the weight of diet.
During the experimental period (28 day), the body weight and food intake were estimated weekly, and the general behavior of rats was observed.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
6.1. Chemical composition of apricot kernels and avocado seeds:
1. The moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy value contents of apricot kernels as dry weight were 4.93 %, 18.01 %, 54.24 %, 2.50 %, 3.43 %, 16.89 % and 627.76 kcal/100g, respectively.
2. While the moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, and energy value contents of avocado seeds as dry weight (D/W) were 7.13, 1.90, 27.20, 3.42, 6.72 %, 53.63% and 466.92 Kcal/100g, respectively.
6.2. Total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of apricot and avocado seeds:
1. The total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity content of apricot kernel was higher than avocado seeds.
6.3. Identification of phenolics compounds of apricot kernel by HPLC:
1. The highest phenolic compounds identified in apricot kernel recorded for chlorogenic acid, quercetin and gallic acid.
2. While the lowest phenolic compounds identified in apricot kernel were recorded for caffeic acid, Vanillin and ferulic acid.
6.4. Identification of phenolics compounds of avocado seeds by HPLC:
1. The highest phenolics compounds recorded for pyrogallol and ellagic acid.
2. While the lowest value was recorded for coumarin and ferulic acid.
6.5. Effect of apricot and avocado seeds and their mixes on body weight gain, (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of obese rats:
1. The highest body weight gain (BWG) was recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group were recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
2. The highest body weight gain of treated groups (hepatic groups) was recorded for 5 % apricot kernel, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % apricot kernel with significant differences.
3. The highest feed intake was recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
4. The highest feed intake of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 2.5 % mixes, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % apricot kernel with significant differences.
5. The highest feed efficiency ratio was recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
6. The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5 % apricot kernel, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % apricot kernel with significant differences.
6.6. Effect of apricot and avocado seeds and their mixes on internal organs weight levels of obese rats:
1. The highest liver weight was recorded for the positive control group, while the negative control group was recorded for the lowest value with significant differences.
2. The highest liver weight of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 5 % avocado seeds with non-significant differences.
3. The highest kidney weight was recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group was recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % avocado seeds with non-significant differences.
5. The highest heart weight was recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group was recorded for the lowest value with significant differences.
6. The highest heart weight of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 5 % avocado seeds with significant differences.
6.7. Effect of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on glucose levels of liver disorder rats:
1. The larger glucose level which was reported for the positive control group and the lesser glucose level observed for the negative control group were significantly.
2. Apricot, avocado seeds, or combination levels led to the best decrease in glucose level.
3. The lowest glucose level with significant variations was obtained for 5% a mix of apricot and avocado seeds as powder; however, the highest value was recorded in the hepatic group rats fed with 2.5% avocado seeds powder.
6.8. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on liver enzymes of liver disorder rats:
1. A significant difference between the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) liver enzyme recorded by the positive and negative control group of rats.
2. While, the liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP of treated groups, it could be notice that 2.5% powdered avocado seed group recorded the greatest ALT liver enzyme of the treatment (hepatic) rats, but the 5% mixes of apricot and avocado seed group observed significantly the lowest.
6.9. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on serum albumin and total protein levels of hepatic rats:
1. The highest serum albumin levels were recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
2. While, the highest serum albumin of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 5 % apricot kernel with significant differences.
3. The highest total protein levels were recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
4. The highest total protein of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5.0% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % apricot kernel with significant differences.
6.10. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on total cholesterol and triglycerides of liver disorder rats:
1. TC and TG values for positive control groups were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than those for negative control groups.
2. The treatment group that consumed 5% of a mixture of apricot and avocado seeds had the lowest TC and TG, then that of treated group consumed 2.5% of powdered avocado seeds which had the significantly greatest value.
6.11. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on serum lipid fractions of liver disorder rats:
1. The LDL-C and VLDL-C ranges of control positive groups had considerably greater values when compared to control negative groups.
2. Groups rats that have received CCl4, it should be observed that the highest possible LDL-C and VLDL-C ranges have been recorded for 2.5% avocado seeds, whilst the lowest values had been recorded for 5% mixes seeds with substantial differences.
6.12. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on kidney biomarkers of liver disorder rats:
1. The positive control groups had higher values (P≤0.05) of renal functions that the obtained results indicated that the positive control groups had higher values (P≤0.05) of renal functions such as serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine than negative control.
2. Groups that have received CCl4, it should be observed that the best renal functions ranges have been recorded for 5% mixes seeds, whilst the highest values had been recorded for 2.5% avocado seeds with substantially differences.
6.13. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on red blood cell and white blood cell of liver disorder rats:
1. The highest red blood cell levels were recorded for negative control group, while positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
2. While, the highest red blood cell levels of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % avocado seeds with significant differences.
3. The highest white blood cell levels were recorded for the positive control group, while the negative control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
4. The highest white blood cell levels of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5 % avocado seeds, while the lowest value recorded for 5% mixture with significant differences.
5.14. Influence of apricot, avocado seeds, as well as their mixtures on hemoglobin and platelet levels of liver disorder rats:
1. The highest hemoglobin levels were recorded for the negative control group, while the positive control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
2. The highest hemoglobin levels of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 5% mixture, while the lowest value recorded for 2.5 % avocado seeds with significant differences.
3. The highest platelet levels were recorded for the positive control group, while the negative control group recorded the lowest value with significant differences.
4. While, the highest platelet levels of treated groups (hepatic groups) recorded for 2.5 % avocado seeds, while the lowest value recorded for 5% mixture with significant differences.
6.15. Histopathological examination of liver:
1. Microscopically, liver of rats from group 1 showed the normal histological structure of hepatic lobule. liver of rats from group 2 showed focal hepatic necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration as well as sinusoidal leukocytosis.
2. However, liver of rat from group 4 showed Kupffer cells activation. While liver of rat from group 6 showed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes.
3. However, liver of rats from group 8 showed the normal histological structure of hepatic lobule.