الفهرس 
Agricultural wastewaterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The water problem is a critical national security issue, and one of the main
contributors to water consumption and pollution is the use of dyes in various
industries. Industrial dyes can pollute water bodies, affecting aquatic ecosystems and
human health. Therefore, developing effective methods for removing dyes from
wastewater is essential to mitigate their impact on water resources. This thesis aimed
to synthesize and evaluate the performance of PVC/NC, PVC/NC@xTiO2, and
PVC/NC@xTiAl2O4 nanocomposite membranes for the removal of methylene blue
(MB) dyes from industrial wastewater. The nanocomposite membranes were prepared
by incorporating TiO2 and TiAl2O4 nanoparticles into PVC/NC membranes using a
casting technique. Various techniques were used to characterize the nanocomposite
membranes, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric
analysis (TGA). These techniques allowed for the assessment of the membrane
structure, composition, and surface properties. Batch adsorption studies were
conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the prepared membranes for MB
dyes. Factors such as pH, dosage, and ion concentrations were considered to
determine the optimal conditions for dye removal. The results indicated that the
prepared membranes were capable of efficiently removing MB dye, especially at high
concentrations and alkaline pH levels. The adsorption mechanism of MB dye onto the
prepared membranes was found to be chemisorption, involving the formation of
coordinated bonds and ion exchange at high pH levels. The membranes’ surface
characteristics, including high roughness and the presence of various active sites,
contributed to their capacity for absorbing MB dye. The study also analyzed industrial
waste water samples from Gharbia and Beni Suef regions in comparison to the World
Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The results
revealed that the water samples from both regions had higher levels of various
contaminants, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), total organic carbon (TOC), total
coliforms (TC), hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulphate,
phenolic compounds, pH, and conductivity, compared to the WHO guidelines. The
properties and reusability of the nanocomposite membranes were also investigated
using industrial waste water. The contact angle and self-cleaning behavior of the
membrane surface were examined, indicating that the nanocomposite membranes
Abstract
exhibited a hydrophilic surface and potential self-cleaning properties. The presence of
TiAl2O4 nanoparticles and nano cellulose fibers likely contributed to these
characteristics. Furthermore, the membranes were found to maintain their
effectiveness in rejecting dyes, even after multiple regeneration cycles, making them
suitable for long-term use without significant loss of performance. The study analyzed
the diffusion flux, enhanced factor, and permeability of three types of nanocomposite
membranes: PVC/NC, 5% PVC/NC@xTiO2, and 5% PVC/NC@xTiAl2O4 in the
presence of total organic carbon (TOC). The results showed that the diffusion rate and
permeability varied among the membranes, with particle size being a key factor.
Permeability increased over time, with higher temperatures accelerating the rate of
increase. The nanocomposite membranes containing TiAl2O4 exhibited the highest
enhanced factor and efficiency