الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Multiple health hazards are connected to heavy metal toxicity, which has become a serious threat. Humans are typically exposed to heterogeneous metal combinations with many health risks rather than a single harmful metal in the environment. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are the most toxic heavy metals that humans are often exposed to. The major routes of exposure to these pollutants are through food, soil, water, and air, whereas oral consumption results in metal accumulation. Mining and numerous industries are the major sources of human exposure to Cd and Pb. Cd and Pb are included on a list of ten substances that the World Health Organization (WHO) considers to be hazardous to human health.Liver and kidney tissues are main target organs of Cd and Pb accumulation where about 60% of accumulated Cd and 33% of accumulated Pb in the human body are localized in these tissues. Liver is the most critical organ of the human body; it is involved in many vital metabolic, secretory, and dietary functions. The toxic agents disrupt the hepatocyte and organelles membranes leading to various liver disorders. Kidney has powerful functions in detoxification of xenobiotics, such as drugs and toxic agents. The tubular proximal cells are often exposed to higher concentrations of harmful substances as Cd and Pb where kidney has various mechanisms to absorb and excrete xenobiotics.