الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem and comprises the presence of sustained and irreversible abnormality of renal functions and loss of the kidneys’ ability to maintain homeostasis. CKD results from different causes of renal injury and can lead to progressive loss of renal function. It may reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after a variable period of time following the initiating injury. ESRD is the situation when kidney function is insufficient to sustain life and there is then a need for hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) or kidney transplantation, to substitute for native kidney function.
Kidney failure directly and indirectly impacts the mechanical function and ventilation of the lungs, and treatment with drugs and HD are responsible for part of this effect.
The effects of HD on patients with CKD relate mainly to changes to the volume of body fluid, thus leading to reduction of the amount of water in the lungs following dialysis. Hence, HD improves respiratory status but it may cause pulmonary complications as well, due to various pulmonary injuries of multifactorial origin. Moreover, the malnutrition and degenerative alterations that can occur in CKD patients persist, thereby worsening muscle loss and predisposing these patients towards fatigue, with increases in respiratory rate and work of breathing.
In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of hemodialysis on spirometry parameters in patients with end stage renal disease.
This Prospective study was conducted at Benha University hospital dialysis unit and pulmonary function unit in chest department in the period between April 2022 to April 2023 on 60 patients with end stage renal disease attending dialysis unit 3 times a week.