الفهرس 
مقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Louis IX is one of the most famous kings of France in the Middle Ages. His era, which lasted forty-four years, witnessed many radical changes that French society underwent, whether on the political, economic, or social levels. The king carried out a set of administrative and legal reforms that had a far-reaching impact on the future of the kingdom. During his life, King Louis was greatly influenced by his mother, Queen Blanche of Castile , who exercised a profound influence on his personality and beliefs, so his great reliance on her abilities was clear in managing the affairs of the kingdom until the time of her death in 1252 AD. One of Louis’s greatest successes during his rule was to increase the influence of the royal authority in the face of the major barons who were about to overthrow him when he took power. His era is considered the era in which France took on the Crusades project upon itself, so he went out on two campaigns to the East, the first was to Egypt in 1248 AD, but it ended with his capture and then his release in exchange for a ransom. As for the second campaign, which was to Tunisia, it failed and he died during it in 1270 AD. Despite military failures and massive funding for the ultimately futile Crusades, upon his return to France from the first campaign, the king gained greater moral standing and influence. These military experiences had a profound impact on him, increasing his piety and increasing his determination to rule his people justly. And wisdom, which has become evident in the last decades of wisdom for the Kingdom. This is why the era of Louis is considered, in many respects, a turning point in the history of the French Kingdom. It is the era in which the nature of royal power changed inside and outside the Kingdom. The French king - supported by the enormous material gains he achieved - stopped focusing on the internal politics of the Kingdom and on wars and conflicts with the barons. The influence of the church and King Louis emerged as the protagonist on the European stage. This is what prompted the researcher to study this topic: “Internal conditions in France during the reign of Louis IX, 1226-1270 AD.” The study came in: four chapters, in addition to an introduction and presentation of the most important sources and references, and a conclusion in which the most important results were presented, followed by a group of appendices consisting of maps and pictures of the study, then a list of the sources and references that were relied upon. The first chapter, entitled “Louis’s upbringing and Blanche’s role in managing the affairs of the kingdom,” was divided into two parts: The first shed light on King Louis’s birth, upbringing, and education, taking into account Queen Blanche’s role in shaping his personality. The second part dealt with the conditions of the kingdom under Queen Blanche’s regency, while clarifying the problems that threatened the young king’s throne. The second chapter was entitled “Economic and Social Conditions.” The first part dealt with King Louis’ policy of developing agriculture, his position on the new industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, and work on currency reform. On the social side, the differences between the social classes in French society were clarified, in addition to explaining some aspects of social life, such as Celebrations and entertainment, as well as types of food, drinks, clothing, and finally the role of women in French society. As for the third chapter, entitled “ Religious and Cultural Situations ,” the first part dealt with the king’s policy toward the church and monastic systems, as well as the king’s position toward religious minorities in the kingdom, such as the Jews, and the king’s role in supporting papal attempts to eliminate heresy. As for the cultural aspect, it dealt with the king’s role in supporting science. And etiquette As well as the role of the French Kingdom during the reign of King Louis in creating the Gothic art that invaded Europe in the thirteenth century AD and which appeared clearly in the construction of cathedrals and churches . The fourth chapter was entitled “ Administrative and Judicial Systems ,” and the first part dealt with the king’s role in reforming the local administration of the Kingdom through a set of decrees, which came as a constitution for employees to follow after numerous complaints that required sending investigation missions to all parts of the Kingdom, while the second part dealt with the great development in the system of Justice as a result of the king’s great reforms, He was a brilliant jurist and fully knowledgeable of the law, and this is evident from the careful organization of the courts and the litigation system. The Royal Court served as a supreme court of appeal for all cases within the kingdom. Gradually, the Royal Court took a more organized form through the establishment of the Paris Judicial Parliament . By studying the internal conditions of France during the reign of King Louis IX, we can come to several conclusions : First : King Louis contributed to the great transformation that the French economy witnessed in the thirteenth century, as France enjoyed a period of political stability that helped create a great diversity in economic conditions. In agricultural techniques and the transformation of Paris into an advanced industrial center, the presence of a huge surplus production helped to create unprecedented commercial activity, as the Champagne fairs became centers of international trade .
secondly As a result of the economic boom , the Kingdom needed a stable monetary system to keep pace with the increasing commercial activity, and King Louis actually issued a currency. He established unified gold and silver and ordered their circulation throughout the kingdom, which helped stabilize the financial system Third Economic development also had a major impact on social conditions, as new classes emerged as a result of the boom in industry and trade. Thanks to the king’s just policy, these classes quickly reached a high position within French society. Fourthly Royal justice was the field that witnessed great development in the era of King Louis. The increasing influence of royal authority led to the expansion of the rights of the king, and thus he became solely responsible for legislation and enactment of laws within the kingdom. This resulted in the issuance of a series of decrees that regulated justice and determined the powers granted to the administration . Monarchy, which led to the emergence of the Judicial Parliament as a supreme court of appeal with broad judicial powers that represented the highest court in the Kingdom . Fifth In his relationship with the Church , Louis embodied the essence of the French monarchy, supporting the Church and the clergy. from the beginning, the clergy controlled the court, and most of the advisors were bishops and monks. However, the king worked to preserve the independence of the royal institution. He did not submit to papal authority and tried hard to bring about structural reform in The church institution, and strongly opposed the abuses of the clergy. He also supported the barons in their position rejecting the abuses of the clergy, especially the use of excommunication as a tool to suppress religious beliefs. Two lands . Sixthly Despite the king’s tangible achievements at various levels, there remain some dark areas in Louis’s history, especially the unlimited support he provided to the Inquisition, as well as his position toward the Jews within the kingdom and his clear hostility toward Muslims during the Crusades. Perhaps the king’s position was a product of the state of christian fanaticism that It began in the twelfth century and wanted to unite the christian world in the face of any dangers, whether at the internal or external level . In the end, and despite some of the negatives of Louis’s era, his personality and achievements overshadowed all the kings and rulers of his contemporaries in Europe. The thirteenth century was called “ the century of King Louis. ” Most kings, especially Henry III, shared his religious interests and were rivals to him in loyalties. However, it was Louis who was finally canonized after his death .