الفهرس 
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Abstract
Twenty water samples were collected from different regions in El-Dakhla City, New Valley Governorate, Egypt, ten from wells (5 deep wells and 5 shallow wells) and ten from tap water for purpose of identifying physical and chemical water quality.
A total of 250 unsexed one day old broiler chicks were used in this study till 5 weeks of age. They were weighed then randomly allocated into five groups of 50 birds in each, according to water source, ((G1) D, (G2) W, (G3) T, (G4) F, (G5) H) 50 birds in each, with the same average initial body weight, (deep well, superficial well, tap water, filtered water and healthy bottled water) respectively, chicks received balanced formulated diet free from any additives, and vaccinated against New Castle disease and Avian Influenza H9. The obtained results can be summarized as follow:
In the current study, the results of the water Physicochemical analysis (Turbidity NTU, Taste, Odor, temperature, PH, EC mg/L, TDS mg/L and TH mg/L ) from the various water sources (deep well (D), superficial well (w) and tap water (T) in different region in Dakhla oasis were (3.16±0.46, 38.8±1.69, 7.04±0.60, 273.7±18.15, 273.7±18.15 and 117.84±27.64), (5.81±1.03, 29.4±0.69, 6.52±0.22, 594.4±45.10, 489±30.27 and 278.25±59.30) and (2.68±0.67, 32.4±1.31, 7.08±0.26, 269.31±28.08, 168.6±26.69 and 97.28±12.72) as Mean ±SE, respectively and the results of taste and odor were palatable and Inoffensive.
The Mean ±SE of (Fe, Mn, Pb and Cd) of (G1) D, (G2) W and (G3) were (5.08±0.70, 0.17±0.08, 0.15±0.06 and 0.06±0.02), (9.12±1.44, 0.84±0.19, 0.12±0.04 and 0.09±0.03) and (0.67±0.06, 0.17±0.09, 0.23±0.02 and 0.13±0.01), respectively.
The results of (deep well (D), superficial well (w), tap water (T), filtered water (F), and healthy bottled water (H)) used in the experiment were clearly different in (Turbidity NTU, temperature, PH, EC mg/L, TDS mg/L, Fe mg/L, Mn mg/L, Pb mg/L and Cd mg/L), (2.51, , 45, 7.04, 214.06, 137, 63.5, 4.2, 0.01, 0.13 and 0.09), (7.11, Inoffensive, 29, 6.47, 692.19, 443, 190.1, 10.7, 0.50, 0.26 and 0.16), (1.05, 32.5, 7.09, 200, 128, 50.4, 0.4, 0.01, 0.28 and 0.15), (0.20, 20.5, 7.13, 25, 16, 11.6, 0.08, , 0.01, 0.01 and 0.004), (0.13, 20.4, 7.15, 323.44, 207, 123.5, 0.38, 0.01, 0.002 and 0.0001), respectively and all sources of water showed taste and odor were palatable and inoffensive.
The results showed that G4 filter water group scored the highest significant (p<0.05) values of BWT and BWG in (1st week), (2nd w), (3th), (4th w), and (5thw), while G2 which received superficial well water recorded lower values. The highest mean values of feed intake in (1st week), (2nd w), (3th) reported in G2 while in (4th w) recorded by G3, at the end of the experiment (5thw) G5(H) recorded the highest values. FCR was recorded higher results in G5, on the contrary, the results of superficial well group showed the significant decrease (p<0.05).
The higher concentrations of Fe, Pb and Mn were detected (34.03±0.54, 6.96±0.29 and 1.02±0.08 µg/g) respectively in G2 which was higher than the standard limits. G1 recorded higher Mean ± SE (2.73±0.20 µg/g) of Cd which exceeded the permissible limit.
The mean ± SE of Fe and Pb concentration residues reported higher Mean ± SE (33.83±0.18 and 8.1±0.01 µg/g) in G2, which higher than the permissible limit. G3 reported higher Mean ± SE of Cd and Mn (3.76±0.12 and 2.8±0.20 µg/g) which higher than the permissible limit.
The highest Mean ± SE (17.6±0.25 and 0.20±0.06 µg/g) of Fe and Mn was in G2 W respectively, which within the permissible limit, while G4 assessed lower Mean ± SE values. The Pb and Cd concentration residues reported higher Mean ± SE (1.60±0.1 and 3.76±0.12 µg/g) in G3, which higher than the permissible limit, and transported to human consumers through the white meat products and having an adverse effect on their health.
The results showed a significant reduction of antibody response against Newcastle Disease Virus with poor quality water in G2(W) and G1(D) which received well water (superficial and deep). The highest mean titer (7.9) at 7 days of age was in (G1) D and (G3) T. The results recorded no difference between F and H groups with highest mean titer (5.1) at 15 days. The highest mean titer was (7.3) at 25 day in G5 and (7.4) at 35 days in G4, however G2 reported lowest titer (4 and 5.4), respectively.
The highest mean titer of AI (H9) disease (6.9) at 7 days of age was in (G4). The results recorded no difference between F and H groups with highest mean titer (4.1) at 15 days, while the lowest mean titer (3.5) was observed in G1(D) and G2(W) without any difference. The highest mean titer (4.8 and 5.6) among different groups at 25 and 35 days respectively was evaluated by G5
The results showed that the histopathological alterations were sever in (G3) followed by (G2), while (G4) and (G5) showed mild histopathological changes.
The ground water in El Dakhla City, New Valley has an adverse effect on performance, immunological and histopathological parameters.