الفهرس 
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Abstract
Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), is an unconventional, fast, eco- friendly,
and direct technique for nanoparticles synthetization from bulk materials. These
benefits allow us to combine the different solid targets and liquids to produce
nanostructures materials with specific properties. Moreover, the produced
nanoparticles are directly stabilized in the solvent without adding any complexing
agents.
On the other side, the presence of microbial attacks on the artifacts has shed
considerable attention of the scientists in the last few years. Among
microorganisms, fungi are one of the most damaging groups for the wooden
artifacts particularly. Therefore, the scientists have multiple attempts to create and
modify more advantageous trendy ways not only on the level of such infections
treatment but also to fight their residual negative effects on the treated objects.
In this regard, nanostructured stainless-steel solutions with different shapes, sizes
and low concentrations were synthesized using femtosecond laser ablation in
distilled water to study their properties as antifungal material for ancient wooden
objects preservation. UV-Vis, TEM, DLS, and ICP-MS techniques were used to
investigate desired phases, morphology, and concentration of the prepared NPs.
Both laser and liquid parameters (laser power and liquid height) were tuned during
synthesis to optimize and control the properties of produced NPs for better effect.
The study contained too investigation of the ablated target surface under the abovementioned conditions.
Ancient minuet samples of two different Pharaonic wooden objects were collected
to be the guide in this study. The objects were selected from different burial
environment (wet and arid soils) to study their degradation aspects then the effects
of burial soil on the object’s biodeterioration. The study was carried out using
different advanced investigation techniques. The activity of the prepared stainlesssteel NPs as antifungal material was tested on standard wood replicas which
previously inoculated by the most frequent isolated fungal species (A. Niger & A.
Flavus). Those replicas were thermally aged to be under the same deterioration
conditions of the selected artifacts. Stainless- steel NPs recorded a strong inhibition
for A. Niger growth, while A. Flavus recorded a clear resistance for prepared NPs
by undetectable inhibition zone.