الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted on fifty nine BC patients, eleven patients with benign bladder lesion and eighteen age and sex matched healthy controls. The patients were selected from Urology department, Urology Hospital, Assiut University Hospitals, within a period from Jaunary 2021 till November 2021.
The studied groups:
1-group I (malignant group): fifty nine patients newly diagnosed as BC, they included thirty six males and twenty females.
The diagnosis of BC was based on upper urinary tract radiological imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) and was verified by cystoscopy and histopathology (American Cancer Society., 2021).
By histopathology all of the patients were transitional cell carcinoma.
BC patients were further classified according to WHO classification into
grades (G) (Cancer.Net Editorial Board., 2020):
G1: twenty five patients, they included fifteen males and ten females.
G2: twenty four, they included fifteen males and nine females.
G3: seven patients, they included four males and three females.
G 4: three patients, they included two males and one female.
BC patients were also classified according to TNM staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (8th edition, 2017) (Brierely et al., 2017) into:
Stage I: fifty one patients, they included thirty one males and twenty females.
Stage II: eight patients, they included five males and three females.
Bladder cancer was further classified according to invasiveness into:
Non-invasive: about 54 lesions.
Invasive: about 5 lesions.
2- group II (Benign group): eleven patients newly diagnosed as benign bladder lesion. They included seven males and four females:
• UTI and cystitis: three patients (two male and one female).
• Hemorrhagic cystitis (non-infectious): two patients (one male and one female).
• Urinary bladder polyps: two patients (one male and one female).
• Eosinophilic lesion: two patients (one male and one female).
• Chronic bilharzial cystitis: two patients (two males).
3-group III (Control group): eighteen apparently healthy age and sex matched healthy controls. They included 11 males and 7 females.