الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study has been conducted on 20 patients clinically diagnosed with chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on maintenance Hemodialysis developing cerebrovascular manifestations presenting to the Radio-diagnosis Department at Alexandria main university hospitals and health insurance Hospitals.
A person’s own kidney function can irreversibly diminish as a result of having end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is characterized by progressive, slow, irreversible reduction in kidney function in an individual. In Egypt the estimated annual incidence of End stage renal disease is about 72 per million, while the total number of dialysis patients is 264 per million.
According to a recent study, end-stage renal disease has been linked t an elevated prevalence of symptoms; dialysis patients experienced an average of nine symptoms that severely impacted their quality of life.
Regarding End stage end renal disease, pain is a prevalent symptom that can arise from both renal & non-renal cause. In our study the majority of the patients reported experiencing pain, and therefore pain management must be taken in consideration.
Hemodialysis is the routinely administered therapy for ERSD patients. Even though hemodialysis techniques has improved throughout the years, the mortality as well morbidity rates of chronic hemodialysis patients remain high. The typically hemodialysis regimen has been three sessions per week for more than 40 years.
All the ESRD patients presented with different kinds of medical history. The commonest medical history for the patients presented was Hypertension (HTN) was noted in 70% of the cases, followed by Diabetes in 40% of the cases.
Because the neurological repercussions that developed in hemodialysis patients are multifaceted a neurological examination by itself might be insufficient to identify underneath pathology. The main radiological assessment that are commonly needed for the evaluation of neurological issues in symptomatic patients are imaging studies such as brain MRIs and CT scans.
All presented ESRD patients in our study who underwent CT as well as MRI scans had abnormal findings , were the commonest finding was brain atrophic changes in which 14 out of the 20 patients , next to it was white matter changes in which 12 out of the 20 patients by MRI.
In our study, microbleeds were reported in 30% of the total enrolled cases. It has significant consequences for the detection of microbleeds in ESRD patients since microbleeds may be an indicator of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Reviewing the typical and unusual brain imaging findings among patients with renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis was the study’s intended goal & to discuss the imaging features of individual diseases