الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed all countries under extreme medical and economical strain. And, thus The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for nurses needed to provide quality healthcare and the need to guarantee a strong and enduring workforce. Workload, temporary staff recruitment, reduction of autonomy, and continuous organizational change are a hardship for the nursing workforce. This situation, along with the working pressure and the insecurity forces nurses to deal with high stress levels, anxiety and burnout (Rivas et al., 2022).
Nurses are very often susceptible to job burnout, with the highest levels of job burnout reported among nurses working in the emergency and ICU environment where nurses are exposed to an overwhelming amount of job-related stress. Known factors contributing to the high risk of job burnout include intensive patient care, high mortality rate, and inappropriate job conditions in terms of high workload coupled with lack of time to adequately address the patient’s needs. Accordingly, the relevant nurses experience stress levels beyond their capacities, which may lead to job burnout (Lewis et al., 2022).
Aim of the study:
The present study aimed to assess burnout syndrome prevalence rate and its related factors among critical care nurses during COVID-19 pandemic through the followings:
1. Assess prevalence rate and degree of burnout syndrome among critical care nurses during COVID-19pandemic.
2. Assess burnout syndrome related factors among critical care nurses during COVID-19pandemic.
Research Questions:
This study was conducted to answer the following questions:
1. What are the prevalence rate and degree of burnout syndrome among critical care nurses during COVID-19pandemic?
2. What are burnout syndrome related factors among critical care nurses during COVID-19pandemic?
Research design:
A descriptive exploratory research design was utilized in this study.
Setting:
The study was conducted in the critical care units at Qaha hospital for quarantine which affiliated to Ministry Of Health, Qalyubia governorate, Egypt.
Subjects:
A convenient sample of all available male and female nurses working at the previous mentioned setting was included in the study (35 nurses).
Tools of Data Collection:
Data was collected using the following tools:
Tool I: Maslash Burnout Inventory (MBI) Assessment Tool:
It was adopted from (Maslash et al., 2018).It was used to assess nurses’ burnout prevalence and its level at critical care units. The MBI contains 22 statements and was designed to assess the three components of the burnout syndrome which are (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment).
Tool II: Nurses’ burnout related factors assessment tool:
It was adapted from Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI) (Kristensen et al., 2005). It was modified by the investigator based on related literatures (Kontis et al., 2020; Martinez-Lopez et al., 2020; Guseva et al., 2020; Bridgeman et al., 2018; Sarboozi et al., 2020). It was written in Arabic language to assess factors related to nurses’ burnout during COVID-19pandemic in the intensive care units (ICU). It was divided into three parts:
- Part I: Personal burnout related factors
- Part II: Work-related burnout
- Part III: Client-related burnout
Part I: Personal burnout related factors: It was sub-divided into four sections:
Section I: Socio-Demographic characteristics.
Section II: Nurses’ history of illness and social related factors.
Section III: it was used to assess nurses’ knowledge about COVID-19.
Section IV: it was used to assess nurses’ attitude toward covid-19.
Pilot study:
A pilot study was carried out on 10 % of study subjects (5 nurses) to test clarity, feasibility and applicability of the data collection tools. The subjects who were included in the pilot study were included in the study subject because no modification was done after conducting the pilot study.
Ethical Consideration:
• Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the ethical and scientific research committee in the Faculty of Nursing, at Ain Shams University before starting the study.
• The investigator introduced him/herself for the study subjects.
• The investigator explained and clarified the study aim to the subjects before taking the consent of participation.
• The investigator assured maintaining anonymity and confidentiality of subjects’ data included in the study.
• The nurses were informed about their rights to withdrawal from the study at any time without giving any reason.
• The investigator obtained an informed consent from study subjects to participate in the study.
Field work:
• An informed consent was obtained from each nurse prior to the data collection after explaining the aim of the study.
• Data collection started and completed within two months from beginning of April (2023) until the end of May (2023).
• Data collection was done by the investigator at the previously mentioned setting two days per week (Monday and Wednesday) in the morning shift. Each form took about 30 minutes to be filled from each nurse.
• Maslash burnout inventory (MBI) assessment tool took about 10 minutes to be fulfilled by each nurse.
• Nurses’ burnout related factors assessment tool took about 35 minutes to be fulfilled by each nurse.
• In total, it took about 45 minutes for each nurse to fill out the tools.
Results:
• Nearly half of the studied nurses 45.7% had a high degree of burnout syndrome prevalence rate.
• According to total knowledge of the studied nurses (57.1%) had unsatisfied knowledge about the disease.
• More than half of the studied nurses 54.3% had a negative attitude about COVID-19.
• As regards total work-related burnout factors, more than one third of the studied nurses (37.1%) had a low degree of total work-related burnout. Regarding total client-related burnout, nearly half of them had a low degree of burnout.
• There was a statistically significant relation between the level of the studied nurses’ knowledge about COVID-19 and age, marital status, work experience and experience in caring for COVID-19infection.
• There was a statistically significant relation between the studied nurses’ attitude about COVID-19 and age, work experience, and monthly income. Also, there was a statistically significant relation between studied nurse’s burnout inventory and age, marital status, work experience.
• As regard correlation between different variables the current study revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the studied nurses’ burnout inventory and age, work experience, level of education, experience in caring for covid-19 infection, knowledge, attitude, work-related burnout and client related burnout, revealing that the fore mentioned factors are good predictors for burnout inventory.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the current study, it can be concluded that:
More than a half of the studied nurses had a high degree of burnout, and had unsatisfactory level of knowledge regarding COVID-19. In relation to nurses’ attitude about COVID-19 more than a half of them had a negative attitude. Regarding total work-related burnout, more than one third of studied nurses had a low degree of total work-related burnout. Regarding total client-related burnout, nearly half of them had a low degree of burnout. Additionally, there was a statistically significant relation between the level of the studied nurses’ knowledge about COVID-19 and age, marital status, work experience and experience in caring for COVID-19infection. Also, there was a statistically significant relation between the nurses’ attitude about COVID-19 and age, work experience, and monthly income. Moreover, there was a statistically significant relation between studied nurse’s burnout inventory and age, marital status and work experience. As regard correlation between different variables the current study revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the studied nurses’ burnout inventory and age, work experience, level of education, experience in caring for covid-19 infection, knowledge, attitude, work-related burnout and client related burnout, revealing that the fore mentioned factors are good predictors for burnout inventory.
Recommendations:
Based on the current study findings the following are recommended in nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing research:
Nursing Practice:
• Encourage peer support to foster a supportive and collaborative work environment where nurses can connect with and support each other.
• Provide nurses with flexible work schedules, when possible, to accommodate personal and family needs, thereby reducing the risk of burnout due to long working hours and high demands.
• Monitor nurse-patient ratios and workload, ensuring that nurses have the necessary resources and support to provide quality care without feeling overwhelmed.
Nursing Education:
• Burnout awareness educational programme about burnout, its symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures. This will help raise awareness and empower students to recognize and address burnout early in their careers.
Nursing Research:
• Conduct studies to track the prevalence of burnout among nurses over time and assess the impact of interventions and organizational changes on burnout rates.
• Further analytic studies are needed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices and their associated factors, including psychological factors, among nurses and other HCWs, and on a larger scale, to be able to design appropriate interventions on a national level regarding COVID‐19.