الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Health services are generally designed to meet routine priorities and demands, and have limited capacity to expand. MGs may put a strain on these systems and so require strengthening of existing services and potentially the introduction of new or enhanced methods for managing disease and other public health risks. These can include surveillance methods, standard operational procedures, and establishment of a public health response command and coordination structure within and between public health sectors.
The Hajj is unique in many respects, particularly in measures of scale and mass migration. It presents a significant challenge that impacts the international public health as an increasing number of humans become more mobile, with everything this entails in terms of potential risks disease transmission and other health hazards. Hajj management is an overwhelming task. International collaboration (in planning vaccination campaigns, developing visa quotas, arranging rapid repatriation, managing health hazards at the Hajj and providing care beyond the holy sites) is vital. The most important role is assigned to the Saudi Arabia authorities, whose work and preparation for a mass gathering of such proportions is decisive and integral for the managing of the Hajj and the outcome of the whole event.
The World Youth Day (WYD) event led to anexodus of participants from Sydney 2008 by air and road. It is considered as a sucsseful leson of planning and public health workers in. Influenza mitigation strategieswere continued, including maintenance of theinfluenza clinic at the precinct and an isolation areafor ill pilgrims, and health and wellbeing packdistribution to pilgrims entering the facility.
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Among the lessons learned from this review are, the need for large-scale scientific studies to quantify the burden of infectious diseases such as hepatitis A, B and C. Despite the absence of infectious disease outbreaks during Hajj in recent years, emerging infectiousdiseases represent a threat in the light of the expected increasing number of pilgrims after the completion of construction in the Grand Mosque and the sacred areas of the Hajj. The vast development in infectious disease surveillance after the development of the web-based healthcare network is a welcome achievement of the Saudi Ministry of Health. The optimal utilization of the collected data is yet to be achieved. The existing international collaboration needs to be strengthened and expanded.