الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
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Conventional water resources in Egypt are limited to the Nile River;
groundwater in the deserts land Sinai, and precipitation. Each resource has its
limitations on use. These limitations relate to quantity, quality, space, time,
and or use cost. The Nile is the main and almost exclusive source of fresh
water in Egypt. The Nile inside Egypt is completely controlled by the dams at
Aswan in addition to a series of barrages between Aswan and Mediterranean
Sea. Egypt relies on the available water stored in Lake Nasser to meet needs
within its annual share of water, which is fixed at 55.5 Billion Cubic Meters
(BCM) annually by agreement with Sudan in 1959. Groundwater aquifer in
the Western Desert stores about 200,000 BCM of fresh water. However,
groundwater occurs at great depths and the aquifer is generally nonrenewable. The utilization of such water therefore depends on pumping costs
and its depletion rate versus the potential economic return on the long run.
Rainfall on the Mediterranean coastal strip decreases eastward from 200
mm/year at Alexandria to75 mm/year at Port Said. It also declines inland to
about 25 mm/year near Cairo. In addition to the conventional water resources
there are some other non-conventional resources that include renewable
groundwater aquifers in the Nile valley and Delta, agricultural drainage water,
and treated wastewater. The groundwater aquifer underlying the Nile valley
and Delta is recharged only by seepage losses from the Nile, the irrigation
canals and drains, and deep percolation of water from irrigated lands. It can be
considered as a reservoir in the River Nile system with a small rechargeable
live storage. This aquifer can be used as a source of water to meet part of the
water demands at peak periods and then recharged again during low demand
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Summary and conclusion
periods. The total available storage of the Nile aquifer is estimated at about
500 BCM but the maximum renewable amount (the aquifer safe yield) is
around 7.5 BCM. The existing rate of groundwater abstraction in the Valley
and Delta regions is about4.8 BCM/year, which is still below the potential safe
yield of the aquifer.
The present investigation was conducted at National Research Center, ElNoubaria Research Station El-Behaira Governorate, during the two successive
seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the response of three soybean ccltivars: 1-
Giza 111, 2- Crawuford, and Giza 35 cultivars, to three salinity stress levels
(400, 1200; 2000ppm), irrigation systems(SSD-SD; Sp), and Soybean
Cultivars (Giza 111, Crawford; Giza 35) on Soybean growth, yield
components, technological properties, Water Productivity, Moisture and
salinity content distribution by contour maps, Calibration observed and
simulated data of soybean ccltivars by AquaCrop simulation model as a
modern stat of art in this field.
Soybean (Glycine max L Merrill ) is the main source of supplying protein and
oil plant , which can provide complete protein , containing essential amino
acids for human health. in order to reduce the gap between oil production and
its consumption which reach 10% from our production only.
Regarding saline water and irrigation systems, means values of all parameters
under study as following: Leaf area index (LAI), Crop growth rate (CGR), Net
Assimilation Rate (NAR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Grain yield
(Kg/fed), Soybean water productivity (WP) (Kg/m3), Observed and simulated
WP by AquaCrop simulation model, Straw yield (Kg/fed), Weight 100 seeds,
Pods Weight, Leaf area , plant length, leaves number, Chlorophyll, pods
number, pod length, temperature by infra-red, number of seeds per pods, light
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Summary and conclusion
density, Oil content in seeds (%),Carbohydrates (%) Ash %, protein product
(kg/fed), oil product kg, Moisture content in seeds %, Leucine amino acid
(LEU), Argnine amino acid (ARG), Lysine amino acid (LYS), Valine amino
acid (VAL), Phenylalanine amino acid (PHE), Isoleucine amino acid ( ILE),
Glycine amino acid (GLY), Therionine amino acid (THR), and Hisitidine
amino acid (HIS).It could be ranking in the following ascending orders: 400>
1200> 2000 and SP < SD < SSD, repectively
According to all parameters mentioned above, the effect of saline
water and irrigation systems on all parameters mentioned above, there
is significant differences at the 5 % level between all values of
characters. The interaction between three saline water levels, three
irrigation systems and soybean cultivars had significant effect on all
parameters mentioned above.
According to the mean soil moisture content (w %), irrigation
systems used could be arranged in the following ascending orders:
SSP>SD<SP, before irrigation, and after irrigation for water used
400ppm and 1200ppm. While under 2000ppm could be ranked the
orders of SSD>SD>SP before irrigation and SD>SP>SSD after
irrigation. Differences in w % between any two irrigation systems
were significant at the 5 % level. This may be due the increasing in
salt accumulation in cases of water used 1200 ppm and 2000 ppm.
According to the mean of soil salinity, irrigation systems used could
be arranged in the following ascending orders: SD>SSD<SP, before
irrigation, and after irrigation for water used 400 ppm and 1200ppm.
While under 2000ppm could be ranked the orders of SSD>SD>SP
before irrigation and SD>SP>SSD after irrigation. Differences in soil
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Summary and conclusion
salinity between any two irrigation systems were significant at the 5 %
level. This may be due the increasing in salt accumulation in cases of
water used 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm.
Observed water productivity was the highest values in the case of 400 ppm
saline water level, followed by 1200 ppm and the lowest recorded under 2000
ppm. For the effect of irrigation system, the highest values achieved under
subsurface drip irrigation SSD, followed by surface drip irrigation SD and the
lowest recorded under sprinkler irrigation SP. Water productivity (WP) after
AquaCrop model under observed and simulated condition was achieved
without salinization stress under 400 ppm. The highest value was obtained
when the Giza111 verity and the lowest value after Giza 135 verity.
In Table (35 and 36), the deviation (%) between observed and simulated data
in first season 2015 under different saline water and irrigation systems
showing that under verities Giza111 and Crawford were the low values (0.64
and 0.62 %), respectively. On the other hand, in season 2016 deviation (%)
between observed and simulated data showing that Giza111 and Crawford
were achieved values (0.76 and 0.69 %), they were the better verities of deficit
tolerance.
Conclusion:
It could be concluded to using from 400 to 1200 ppm saline water and
subsurface and surface drip irrigation systems to improving soybean
growth characters, crop yield, water crop productivity calibrated by
AquaCrop model and improving technology properties of soybean
within amino acids and soybean oil quality parameters. As well as in
the same cases treatments of saline water and drip irrigation systems
had positive effects on soil moisture and salinity distribution Since
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Summary and conclusion
soybeans contain high-quality protein, they can be used t