الفهرس 
Intrauterine growth restrictionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been defined as the rate of fetal growth that is below normal in light of the growth potential of a specific infant as per the race and gender of the fetus. It has also been described as a deviation from or a reduction in an expected fetal growth pattern and is usually the result of innate reduced growth potential or because of multiple adverse effects on the fetus. The “normal” neonate is the one whose birth weight is between the 10th and 90th percentile as per the gestational age, gender and race with no feature of malnutrition and growth retardation. The terms “IUGR” and “small for gestational age (SGA)” have been used synonymously in medical literature, but there exist small differences between the two (Murki and Sharma, 2014).
The adrenal gland is composed of two embryologically distinct tissues, the cortex and medulla, arising from the mesoderm and neuroectoderm, respectively. The fetal adrenal gland is relatively large. At 4 months’ gestation, it is four times the size of the kidney; however, at birth, it is a third of the size of the kidney. This occurs because of the rapid regression of the fetal cortex at birth. Anatomic anomalies of the adrenal gland may occur. Because the development of the adrenals is closely associated with that of the kidneys, agenesis of an adrenal gland is usually associated with ipsilateral agenesis of the kidney, and fused adrenal glands are also associated with a fused kidney