الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disease. It is a metabolic condition characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of partial or complete insulin deficiency or insulin resistance or both which lead to several complications as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, amputation, diabetic kidney damage, and heart failure.
T2DM is usually associated with obesity caused by insufficient insulin production by pancreatic β–cells and a reduction in glucagon production from pancreatic α–cells. It needs more care by medication and diet management to handle glucose levels and subsequently diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy.
Many bioactive substances have antidiabetic effects with no or minimal side effects. Some researchers said that carnosine has antidiabetic effects and reduces diabetic complications. Researches has found that treatment with carnosine decreases blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, uric acid, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen, and increases serum insulin, and HDL-C levels. So results indicated that carnosine may serve as a dietary therapy for hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and improvement of diabetic kidney damage functions.