الفهرس 
Bladder CancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is a malignancy affecting the urothelium of the
bladder, and comprises two recognized disease entities with distinct
molecular features and clinical outcomes. Low-grade non-muscle-invasive
tumours and muscle-invasive tumours. smoking is the most important risk
factor for BC, and Painless hematuria is the most common presenting
symptom of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
The challenges for controlling bladder cancer are preventing
recurrent disease and inhibiting the disease progression during treatment.
The clinicopathological parameters such as tumor grade and stage have
been used clinically to predict pathologic events of bladder cancer;
however, the sensitivity of these parameters is relatively low, identification
of effective molecular markers is more relevant for the improvement of
diagnostic, prognostic techniques and for the development of additional
new therapeutic strategies for patients with bladder cancer.