الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective , antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, effects of Origanum majorana, Psidium guajava, and Cinnamomum cassia extract and their nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. In our study, 45 rats were divided into nine groups: the first was a control non-diabetic group, and the second was a diabetic non-treated group that was injected with streptozotocin (STZ). The third group of diabetic rats was given glibenclamide. The fourth group of diabetic rats got OM leaf extract, whereas the fifth group received OM leaf extract nanoparticles. The sixth group got guava leaf extract, while the seventh group of diabetic rats received guava leaf extract nanoparticles by oral administration. Furthermore, diabetic rats in the eighth group received Cc extract, whereas diabetic rats in the ninth group received CcAgNPS orally.At the end of the trial, blood was extracted from the medial eye canthus,for biochemical parameters determination and Organs were removed during laparotomy for histopathology. In terms of anti-diabetes activity, serum biochemical data revealed that rats treated with glibenclamide had lower glucose and HbA1c levels, as well as greater insulin levels, compared to rats in the diabetic non-treated group. However, diabetic rats treated with OML, OMLNPs, GLE, GLENPs, C cassia, and CcAgNPS extracts showed substantial reductions in glucose, HbA1C levels, and amylase activity, as well as increases in insulin and C-peptide levels. Furthermore, OML extract treatment improved pancreatic parenchyma, leaving islets and acini equivalent to the control group. Similarly, treatment with OML NP extract restored STZ-induced pancreatic damage, with most islets looking normal and showing no indication of inflammation or degenerative alterations in the studied pancreatic sections. Similarly, when STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered GLE or GLENPs, their blood glucose levels altered drastically. In the current study, GLENP therapy significantly reduced STZ-induced pancreatic lesions, with the majority of pancreatic acini and islets looking normal and eosinophilic secretion limited to a few dilated interlobular ducts. Furthermore, in the most recent study, the control rats had a normal pancreas with an acinar structure and normal Langerhans islets. Nonetheless, diabetic rats exhibited fewer islets, acini shrinkage, vacuolar degeneration, and necrosis. Furthermore, both groups treated with glibenclamide had better pancreatic cells, with the glibenclamide-treated group exhibiting limited reconstruction and minor necrosis. In diabetic mice, cinnamon extract lowered HbA1c and FBG levels when compared to the diabetic group. The glycemic control of cinnamon extracts and glibenclamide treatments was practically identical. As a result, increasing the content of cinnamon extract may provide comparable effects to the medication glibenclamide. Similar findings were found in the current investigation, where CcAgNPs were more effective as hypoglycemic agents than C. cassia extract. The current investigation found that C. cassia extract treatment regenerated pancreatic parenchyma, restoring control over islets and pancreatic acini. Furthermore, CcAgNPs extract reduced pancreatic damage in diabetic rats with healthy islets and pancreatic acini, no inflammation or degenerative changes, but occasional periductal oedema and congestion. In terms of hepatoprotective action, when glibenclamide was administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats, their ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH levels were much lower, with a notable increase in total protein compared to diabetic rats. Interestingly, when diabetic rats were fed with OML, OMLNPs, GLE, GLENPs, C cassia, and CcAgNPS extracts, they displayed significant decreases in ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH activity, as well as a notable gain in total protein levels. When diabetic rats were administered GLE and GLENPs extract, total protein levels were not significantly different from diabetic rats given glibenclamide. The current investigation discovered that glibenclamide and P. guajava treatments significantly improved the blood total protein levels of diabetic rats. The pathological alterations generated by STZ in the liver may demonstrate how GLE protects tissue in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Similarly, investigated liver slices from diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide revealed significant recovery in the hepatic parenchyma, indicating that GLE is a critical line of defense against STZ-related damage. Furthermore, in diabetic rats administered cinnamon extract or CcAgNPs extract, the activities of the liver function enzyme were significantly decreased when compared to diabetes controls.In terms of antioxidant activity, when STZ-induced diabetic rats were given glibenclamide, their TC, TG, and MDA levels were much reduced, but GSH levels increased. Treatment with OML, OMLNPs, GLE, GLENPs, C cassia, and CcAgNPS extracts resulted in considerably decreased TC, TG, and MDA levels, as well as a notable rise in GSH levels. The study also found that diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide, OML, and OMLNP extracts had significantly lower MDA and higher GSH levels than the control diabetic group, albeit there were no significant differences between the two groups. When compared to other groups, diabetic rats given GLE or GLENPs had considerably reduced overall cholesterol. Furthermore, diabetic rats treated with GLE had significantly reduced TG levels compared to the other groups. The CcAgNPs extract had a greater impact on the lipid profiles than the cinnamon extract.
Glibenclamide, OML, OMLNPs, GLE, GLENPs, C cassia, and CcAgNPS extracts effectively lowered cytokines (TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, and IL-10) and renal function in SZT-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic rats treated with OML, OMLNPs, GLE, GLENPs, C cassia, and CcAgNPS extracts showed significant decreases in TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, urea, and creatinine levels, as well as a significant increase in IL-10 levels, compared to diabetic and glibenclamide treated groups. Furthermore, Glibenclamide pretreatment reduced STZ-induced kidney damage in diabetic rats, leaving no glomerular lesions or inflammation. However, several kidney sections showed desquamated cells and tubular degeneration. OML extract treatment also reduced kidney damage, as most portions showed intact glomeruli and renal tubular epithelium. OML NP extract successfully reduced STZ-induced kidney damage in diabetic rats, lowering glomerulotubular lesions and inflammatory responses while generating modest degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. Similarly, the kidney tissues of the GLE-treated diabetic group showed renal tubular architecture in good condition, with no necrosis and just renal oedema.