الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried on 95 patients attending the outpatient clinic of the tropical medicine unite, Mansoura University hospital, in addition to 10 healthy volunteers as a control. The patients were selected in stratified randomized manner and were classified into:- .:. Groun m : Patients with Chronic Viral Liver Diseases:- They were subdivided into two subgroups according to the aetiology:- . *Chronic hepatitis B. *Chronic hepatitis C. .:. Groun rIll: Patients with Schistosomiasis. .:.Group rIm: Patients with Diabetes Mellitus:- inculding : (A) IDDM (B) NIDDM Both IDDM & NIDDM were further subdivided into subgroups according to absence or presence of other pathology combined with diabetes:- These subgroups were: