الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary Acute post-operative pain is a complex physiological reaction to tissue injury. Peripheral tissue injury provokes both peripheral
and central sensitization. Calcium seems to play an important role in the endogenous regulation of pain sensitivity. This study was designed to evaluate analgesic and haemodynamic effects of epidural verapamil, verapamil-morphine and morphine in patients, submitted for extraabdominal surgery. Fourty patients were included in this study, scheduled for extrabdominal surgey. The patients were divided into four groups : group I 1mg/kg bupivacaine 0.5% diluted with saline to 20 ml volume was injected epidurally, group II 1 mg/kg bupivacaine 0.5%. plus 2 mg morphine in 20 ml volume were injected epidurally, group III 1 mg/kg bupivacaine 0.5% plus 5mg verapamil in 20 ml saline were injected epidurally and group IV where 1mg/kg bupivacaine 0.5% plus 5 mg verapamil and morphine 2 mg in 20 ml volume were injected epidurally. Intraoperative heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation were assessed at 15 minutes interval till the end of operation.