الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hormones are chemicals produced and secreted by the endocrine system. They enter the blood stream which carries them to target tissues where they do their function. Each hormone has its own receptor that is located on (cell surface receptors) or inside (nuclear receptors) the cell. Hormones are classified based on their chemical composition into steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol) and peptide hormones which are protein molecules. Hormone receptors are proteins located on the surface or inside the cell. They are highly specific for ligand with which they form a complex. The concentration of the ligand and the receptor sets the amplitude of response. Hormone resistance syndromes are group of diseases caused by end organ resistance to hormones (defects at the site of hormone action or the receptor level ) and characterised by hormonal hypofunction. The concept of hormone resistance was introduced by Fuller Albright in 1942 and since that time many cases have been described. Insulin resistance is a state in which a given concentration of insulin produces a less-than-expected biological effect. It also has been defined as the requirement of 200 or more units of insulin daily to attain glycemic control and prevent ketosis. The syndromes of insulin resistance have a broad clinical spectrum including patients with obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes, syndrome X and patients with extreme insulin-resistant states. Many of these disorders are associated with various endocrine, metabolic, immunologic and genetic conditions.