الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers an alternative to oral delivery and injections. However, transdermal delivery of most drugs is often not feasible because of the barrier nature of the skin. The work in this thesis involves pharmaceutical studies on the effect of ultrasound and chemical enhancers on drug permeation from topical formulations as drug delivery systems. Phonophoresis effect on the transdermal delivery of Theophylline from different topical formulations was studied. Also, Permeability and clinical studies of Ketoconazole topical formulations containing certain chemical enhancers were performed. The obtained results revealed that, Ultrasound application has shown a significant increase in the amount of Theophylline transported through cellophane membrane and rabbit skin. Higher permeation of the drug was obtained at ultrasound intensity 2 W/cm2. The addition of certain penetration enhancers such as Oleic acid, Menthol and Isopropyl myristate has shown a significant increase in the permeation of Ketoconazole topical formulations (gels, creams & ointment) but this effect depends on the nature and the percentage of the penetration enhancer as there was an optimum concentration for each one. Also, gel formulations were found to have relatively higher drug permeation through rabbit skin than creams and ointment. Clinical study was carried out on sixty patients who were attending the Dermatological Outpatient Clinic, Mansura University Hospital suffering from tinea infection. The obtained results revealed that, It is possible to formulate topical preparations with natural, safe and available chemical penetration enhancers for treatment of tinea as a chronic disease widely distributed in Egypt.